2024-03-29T08:04:22Z
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/oai
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/100
2017-01-24T12:09:38Z
sajsm:ART
Radiological changes among artistic gymnasts in Gauteng Province
Geldenhuys-Koolen, Adele
Constantinou, Demitri
Coopoo, Yoga
Gymnastics
Sport
Spondylolysis
Spondylolisthesis
Sport
Orthopedics
Exercise
Physiotherapy
Background. The skeletal immaturity of competitive female gymnasts allows for a unique physiological predisposition to injuries as a result of the spine, limbs, ankles and wrists still growing. Studies have shown that lower back (spinal) injuries account for approximately 12% of injuries in female gymnasts.Objectives. The primary objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of radiological changes in female artistic gymnasts in South Africa. A further objective was to determine whether these radiological changes were associated with symptoms and with the amount of time spent training.Methods. A sample of 40 female artistic gymnasts with a mean of age 15.2 years (range 10 - 31) was included in the study. Thirty-one were active gymnasts and nine were retired at the time of the current study. Measuring instruments included questionnaires and X-rays.Results. X-ray analysis of symptomatic versus asymptomatic gymnasts showed no significant differences. Of the 18 gymnasts training <25 h/week, 13 (72%) had degenerative changes detectable by X-ray. Of the 22 gymnasts training >25 h/week, 15 (68%) had degenerative changes detected by X-ray. Radiological changes were higher than those in other studies.Conclusion. The prevalence of radiological changes was higher than international norms, however there was little difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic gymnasts. Patient self-reports of symptoms had little value in diagnosing change in the lumbar spine. Training duration affected the prevalence of changes in the lumbar spine and could be related to conditioning and experience.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/100
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 69-72
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/100/73
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/101
2017-06-21T09:17:23Z
sajsm:ART
Comparison of the effect of semi-rigid ankle bracing on performance among injured v. non-injured adolescent female hockey players
Ellapen, Terry Jeremy
Acampora, N
Dawson, S
Arling, J
van Niekerk, C
van Heerden, H J
Epidemiology
Hockey
Proprioception
Ankle
Bracing
Sport
Objective. To determine the comparative proprioceptive performance of injured v. non-injured adolescent female hockey players wearing an ankle brace.Methods. Data were collected from 100 high school players who belonged to the Highway Secondary School Hockey League, KwaZulu-Natal, via voluntary parental informed consent and player assent. Players completed an injury questionnaire probing the prevalence and nature of hockey injuries (March - August 2013). Subsequently, players completed a Biodex proprioceptive test with and without an ankle brace. Probability was set at p≤0.05.Results. Twenty-two players sustained ankle injuries within the 6-month study period (p<0.001). Injured players performed similarly without bracing (right anterior posterior index (RAPI) 2.8 (standard deviation (SD) 0.9); right medial lateral index (RMLI) 1.9 (0.7); left anterior posterior index (LAPI) 2.7 (0.9); left medial lateral index (LMLI) 1.7 (0.6)) compared with bracing (RAPI 2.7 (1.4); RMLI 1.8 (0.6); LAPI 2.6 (1.0); LMLI 1.5 (0.6)) (p>0.05). However, bracing improved the ankle stability of the non-injured group (RAPI 2.2 (0.8); RMLI 1.5 (0.5); LAPI 2.4 (0.9); RMLI 1.5 (0.5)) compared with their performance without a brace (RAPI 2.5 (1.0); RMLI 1.8 (0.8); LAPI 2.8 (1.1); LMLI 1.8 (0.6)) (p<0.05).Conclusion. Ankle bracing did not enhance the stability of injured ankles. However, ankle bracing has an ergogenic effect that enhances the stability of healthy ankles.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
Epidemiology
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/101
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 73-76
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/101/74
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/102
2017-06-21T09:19:01Z
sajsm:ART
Steps that count: Pedometer-measured physical activity, self-reported physical activity and current physical guidelines ‒ how do they relate?
Pillay, Julian David
Kolbe-Alexander, Tracy L
Proper, Karin I
Tomaz, Simone A
van Mechelen, Willem
Lambert, Estelle V
Pedometer
Self-perceived
Aerobic
Physical activity
Background. The association between self-perceived and actual physical activity, with particular reference to physical activity guidelines, may be an important factor in determining the extent of uptake of and compliance with physical activity.Objectives. To examine the association between self-perceived and actual physical activity in relation to physical activity guidelines, with reference to volume, intensity and duration of steps/day, and to establish the level of agreement between pedometer-measured and selfreported ambulatory physical activity, in relation to current guidelines.Methods. A convenience sample of adults (N=312; mean (standard deviation) age 37 (9) years), wore a pedometer (minimum 3 consecutive days) and completed a questionnaire that included information on physical activity patterns. Analyses of covariance, adjusted for age and gender, compared volume- and intensity-based steps according to meeting/not meeting guidelines (self-reported). The extent of agreement between self-reported and pedometer-measured physical activity was also determined.Results. Average (SD) steps/day were 6 574 (3 541). Of a total of 312 participants’ self-reported data, those meeting guidelines (n=63) accumulated significantly more steps/day than those not meeting guidelines (8 753 (4 251) v. 6 022 (3 114) total steps/day and 1 772 (2 020) v. 421 (1 140) aerobic steps/day, respectively; p<0.0001). More than half of the group who self-reported meeting the guidelines did not meet guidelines as per pedometer data.Conclusion. The use of pedometers as an alternative and/or adjunct to self-reported measures is an area for consideration. Steps/day recommendations that consider intensity-based steps may provide significant effects in improving fitness and health.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
Cross-sectional study
application/pdf
application/msword
application/msword
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/102
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 77-81
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/102/75
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/102/4255
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/102/4256
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/103
2017-06-21T09:21:17Z
sajsm:ART
Doping in sport: Attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of competitive high school athletes in Gauteng Province
Nolte, Kim
Steyn, B J M
Krüger, P E
Fletcher, L
Doping
Anti-doping
Attitudes
Athletes
Sport
Doping
Objective. To determine the attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of talented young athletes residing in Gauteng regarding prohibited performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) and anti-doping rules and regulations.Methods. This was a survey study using a quantitative research approach. South African TuksSport academy athletes at the High Performance Centre, University of Pretoria, and competitive high-school athletes at four private high schools in Gauteng completed the survey. A selfdetermined, structured questionnaire was used to establish the attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of the athletes.Results. A total of 346 (208 males, 138 females) athletes, mean (standard deviation) age 16.9 (1.4) years participated in the survey. According to this survey, 3.9% of the athletes in this survey admitted to using a prohibited PED and more than 14.0% of the athletes said they would consider using a prohibited PED if they knew they would not get caught. Ambition (46.0%) and emotional pressure (22.5%) were the primary reasons why the athletes would consider using prohibited PEDs. Even though coaches appeared to be one of the main sources of information (on PEDs and anti-doping rules), only 42.1% of the athletes felt that they were well informed.Conclusion. Controlling doping by means of testing is important. However, it may be necessary to put more emphasis on changing attitudes towards doping and implementing additional educational programmes.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
Survey
application/pdf
application/zip
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/103
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 81-86
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/103/76
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/103/4257
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/173
2018-09-06T06:18:02Z
sajsm:ART
Augmentation of the acute phase response in vitamin C-supplemented ultramarathoners
Peters, EM
Anderson, R
Nieman, DC
Objective. To investigate the effects of vitamin C (VC) supplementation on the alterations in systemic markers of inflammation as a result of participation in a 90 km down run from Pietermaritzburg to Durban in 29 subjects who completed the 1999 Comrades Marathon.
Interventions. Runners were divided into groups receiving 500 mg/day VC (VC500; N = 10), 1 500 mg/day VC (VC1500; N = 12) or placebo (P, N = 7) for 7 days before the race, on the day of the race, and for 2 days following completion.
Main outcome measures. Each subject recorded dietary intake before, during and after the race and provided 35 ml blood samples 15 - 18 hours before the race, immediately post race, 24 hours post race and 48 hours post race. These were analysed for full blood count, vitamins A, C and E, glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), amyloid A, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations. All post race concentrations were adjusted for plasma volume changes.
Results. Analyses of dietary intakes and blood glucose and anti-oxidant status on the day preceding the race and the day of the race excluded carbohydrate intake or plasma vitamins E and A as significant confounders in the study. Mean pre-race concentrations of serum vitamin C in VC500 and VC1500 groups (128 – 10.2 and 153 – 10.2 mol/l) were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than in the P group (83 – 10.8 mol/l) and confirmed the additional dietary VC intake of both groups. Serum CRP concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the VC500 group than in the VC1500 and P groups. This finding was supported by similar trends in serum amyloid A, plasma IL-6 and IL-8. When the data from the two VC groups were pooled and the vitamin intake in the placebo (N = 7) and VC (N = 22) groups compared, CRP concentrations in the VC groups were significantly higher at each of the post-race time points (p < 0.05).
Conclusion. These data confirm previous findings of a trend towards an enhanced pro-inflammatory response following VC intake ≥500 mg per day.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 4-10
South African Sports Medicine Association
2005-06-24
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/173
10.17159/2078-516X/2005/v17i1a173
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2005); 4-10
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/173/111
Copyright (c) 2005 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/174
2018-09-06T06:18:02Z
sajsm:ART
Attitudes towards the risk of HIV transmission in sport
Reddy, S
Coopoo, Y
Objective. There is a real risk of transmitting HIV through open wounds during participation in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate athlete s knowledge and attitudes towards HIV transmission in a competitive sport environment how their sporting codes, demographics, knowledge and interaction with colleagues influenced their attitudes.
Design. A questionnaire was administered to elite athletes (N = 575) competing in 11 sport codes including high, medium and low-risk sports, and undergraduate students (N = 46) from a Sport Science Department. Athletes from all economic backgrounds, who competed at national, provincial or at first-division level, were included in this study. The questionnaire was distributed during national tournaments and training sessions.
Results. Sixty-three per cent of athletes believed that a risk of HIV transmission exists in sport participation. Fiftyeight per cent believed that they had a right to know if a teammate/opponent was HIV-positive, and 62% believed that all athletes should be tested for HIV. Fifty per cent of the respondents indicated that they would participate against individuals who were HIV-positive. Most athletes (88%) believed that more education on HIV transmission in sport was needed and 58% felt that HIV should be a notifiable disease in sport. Forty-six per cent of the athletes indicated that they would participate in competition even though they were HIV-positive.
Conclusion. The threat of infection or transmission did not deter athletes who were afflicted or unafflicted with HIV from participating in competitive sports.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 11-18
South African Sports Medicine Association
2005-06-24
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/174
10.17159/2078-516X/2005/v17i1a174
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2005); 11-18
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/174/112
Copyright (c) 2005 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/175
2018-09-06T06:18:02Z
sajsm:ART
Isokinetic neck strength norms for schoolboy rugby forwards
du Toit, DE
Olivier, P
Grenfell, L
Eksteen, B
Objective. To generate isokinetic neck strength norms for schoolboy rugby forwards.
Design. Two hundred and eight schoolboys (17.21 – 1.03 years, mean – standard error of the mean (SEM), chosen from a population of under-19 first and second XV rugby players, participated in this study. The subjects were assessed anthropometrically and isokinetically according to a set protocol. The isokinetic assessment of neck strength was performed with the use of a specially designed stabilising chair and halo. The subjects performed a single maximal exertion set, consisting of 3 repetitions, through each of the cervical spinal movements in the sagittal and frontal planes. The data were analysed statistically according to positional categories (front-, second-, and back-row forwards), and were used to generate Stanine tables of normative data concerning the force characteristics of the cervical spine.
Results. The front-row forwards produced the largest amounts of force during the measurement of peak torque flexion (PTF = 30.00 – 1.39 Nm) and peak torque extension (PTE = 55.26 – 1.42 Nm). Conversely, the second-row forwards performed the best during the measurement of lateral flexion peak torque to the right (PTR = 53.71 – 1.51 Nm) and lateral flexion peak torque to the left (PTL = 52.92 – 1.63 Nm) in the frontal plane. The front-row forwards were the most powerful in all the neck movements measured (power generated at 0.2 seconds during flexion (PowF) = 101.54 – 6.43 W, power generated at 0.2 s during extension (PowE) = 167.31 – 8.03 W, power generated at 0.2 s during lateral flexion to the right (PowR) = 211.92 – 7.44 W, and power generated at 0.2 s during lateral flexion to the left (PowL) = 194.81 – 7.73 W). However, further analysis of the data revealed that few statistically significant differences (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) existed between the positional categories for the measured variables of peak torque, power generated at 0.2 of a second, peak torque to body mass ratio and cervical range of motion.
Conclusion. It appears that the various positional categories have not undergone the expected neck strength adaptations to meet the unique requirements of each position. The generation of neck strength normative data allows for the effective and quantified comparison of neck strength variables, enabling more effective injury prevention and rehabilitation.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 19-26
South African Sports Medicine Association
2005-06-24
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/175
10.17159/2078-516X/2005/v17i1a175
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2005); 19-26
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/175/113
Copyright (c) 2005 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/176
2018-09-06T06:18:02Z
sajsm:ART
Case Report: Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament of the shoulder
de Villiers, RVP
de Beer, JF
van Rooyen, K
Huijsmans, PE
Roberts, CP
du Toit, DF
A 24-year-old rugby player presented to an orthopaedic surgeon with a history of dislocation of the left shoulder. It reduced spontaneously and dislocated again later during the same match.
On examination there was no residual instability, but the apprehension test for anterior instability was positive. Speed s test as well as O Brien s test for SLAP (Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior tear) lesions were negative. There were no signs of rotator cuff tear or impingement.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 27-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2005-06-24
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/176
10.17159/2078-516X/2005/v17i1a176
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2005); 27-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/176/114
Copyright (c) 2005 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/177
2018-09-06T06:18:02Z
sajsm:ART
Short Report: New use of current technology to measure rectal temperature and heart rate during endurance exerciseToEd
Dugas, JP
Burger, B
Noakes, TD
The technology necessary to log data remotely and independently has been available for some years. This technology has been applied mostly to environmental and natural sciences, however, and not in life sciences. This was due primarily to the cost of the technology and the small demand for it in the life sciences, especially in studies of exercise physiology. Our recent collaboration with a local technology company (SyGade Solutions (Pty) Ltd., Johannesburg) has resulted in the use of miniature data loggers to record rectal temperature, heart rate (HR), and altitude during road and cycle racing. This technology has the potential to measure these variables simultaneously and in a free-living situation and will therefore contribute to more innovative research. South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 29-30
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-01-01
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/177
10.17159/2078-516X/2005/v17i1a177
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2005); 29-30
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/177/115
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/178
2021-10-11T06:39:33Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/179
2016-08-04T15:56:10Z
sajsm:ART
Editorial: Administration in sport — a much needed kick-start?
Lambert, Mike
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 1
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/179
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a179
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 1-1
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/179/117
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/180
2017-05-17T14:49:59Z
sajsm:ART
Inadvertent doping through nutritional supplements is a reality
van der Merwe, PJ
Grobbelaar, E
Objective. Inadvertent doping through the use of nutritional supplements is a potentially important cause of the increase in positive drug tests involving high-profile Olympic athletes. The aim of this study was to screen over-the-counter nutritional supplements for the presence of steroid or stimulant compounds banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Method. Thirty different nutritional supplements from 14 different manufacturers were bought at shops in Bloemfontein, South Africa and analysed for testosterone and nandrolone prohormones, various ephedrines and caffeine. Results. Eighteen (60%) of the 30 supplements contained no prohibited substances. Of the 12 (40%) positive supplements, 8 (66.7%) contained prohormones and 4 (33.3%) contained stimulants. Six supplements contained prohormones, which were listed on the labels, while 2 contained prohormones not listed on the labels. The stimulants were listed on the labels as Ma Huang, Guarana and Kola extracts and all contained a mixture of ephedrines and caffeine. Conclusion. The results showed that approximately 7% of supplements tested may be mislabelled or contaminated with banned substances and that inadvertent doping through nutritional supplement use is a reality for athletes. The sporting community should therefore be aware that supplements might contain anabolic androgenic steroids and stimulants that are not declared on the labels. SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 3-7
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/180
10.17159/2078-516x/2004/V16i2A180
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 3-7
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/180/118
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/181
2016-08-04T15:56:15Z
sajsm:ART
Age-related decrements in cycling and running performance
Gibson, A St Clair
Lambert, Ni
Noakes, TD
Objective. This study examined age-related decrements in athletic performance during running and cycling activities.
Design. The age group winning times for males aged between 18 and 70 years competing in the 1999 Argus cycle tour (103 km) and 1999 Comrades running marathon (90 km), South Africa's premier endurance cycling and running events respectively, were examined.
Main outcome measures. The relationship between speed (cycling and running respectively) and age was calculated using a 4th order polynomial function. The derivative of each of these functions was determined and then the slope of the function corresponding to each age was calculated.
Results. The rate of decline in running speed occurred at an earlier age (~ 32 years) during the running race compared with the cycling tour (~ 55 years).
Conclusions. These findings establish a trend that there is ‘accelerated' aging during running which can perhaps be attributed to the increased weight-bearing stress on the muscles during running compared with cycling.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 8-11
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/181
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a181
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 8-11
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/181/119
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/182
2016-08-04T15:56:17Z
sajsm:ART
Non-allergic activation of eosinophils after strenuous endurance exercise
McKune, AJ
Smith, LL
Semple, SJ
Wadee, AA
Objective. To determine the effect of prolonged endurance exercise on the serum concentrations of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), immunoglobulin E (IgE) and upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS).
Design. In 11 healthy, experienced volunteers (6 males, 5 females, age 43 ± 9.8 years) the serum concentrations of ECP and IgE were measured, 24 hours prior to projected finishing time, immediately post exercise (IPE), and 3 h, 24 h, and 72 h after an ultramarathon (90 km). Self-reported URTS were also recorded for 14 days after the race. ECP was measured using radioimmunoassay and IgE using the Alastat Microplate Total IgE kit. The after-exercise values were corrected for plasma volume changes, which were calculated from haematocrit and haemoglobin values. Serum concentrations of ECP and IgE were analysed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing values with before-exercise levels. Level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Results. ECP was significantly elevated at 72 hours (+52%), whilst IgE was not significantly altered after the ultramarathon. There were no reported URTS for the 14 days after the race.
Conclusion. The eosinophil is a pro-inflammatory leukocyte involved in bronchial hyperreactivity and allergic inflammation of the airways. IgE is associated with allergic diseases such as asthma and rhinitis. Serum ECP is a sensitive marker of eosinophil activation. The result provides evidence for the non-allergic activation of blood eosinophils during prolonged endurance exercise. Whether this indicates exercise or environmentally induced airway inflammation, or a role for ECP in muscle /tissue repair, are hypotheses that require additional research.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 12-16
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/182
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a182
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 12-16
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/182/120
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/183
2016-08-04T15:56:19Z
sajsm:ART
Alterations in acute-phase reactants (CRP, rheumatoid factor, complement, Factor B, and immune complexes) following an ultramarathon
Semple, SJ
Smith, LL
McKune, AJ
Neveling, N
Wadee, A
Objectives. The human body initiates an acute phase response (APR) in response to a wide range of homeostatic disturbances. This complex series of reactions serves to activate repair processes and prevent ongoing tissue damage. An important aspect of the APR is the de novo synthesis of acute phase proteins (APP), many of which have not been thoroughly investigated.
Main outcome measures. Alterations in CRP (C-reactive protein), C1est, C3, C4, C6, rheumatoid factor (RF) and Factor B were determined before and after an ultramarathon. Data were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance comparing values to pre-exercise levels. Significance was set at p < 0.05.
Design. Venepunctures were performed on athletes participating in an ultramarathon (90 km) 24 hours before, immediately post-exercise (IPE), and 3h, 24h and 72h after the race. Serum was stored at –80°C until analysed. CRP levels in serum were assessed using the N Latex CRP kit. The levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC) were determined using particle-enhanced nephelometry. Complement proteins C1est, C3, C4 and RF were measured using laser nephelometry. C6 and Factor B were determined by radial immunodiffusion.
Results. CRP was significantly elevated IPE (58%), 3h post (77%), 24h post (87%) and 72h post (69%). Pre-race CRP levels were above the normative range (5.10 ± 3.08 mg/l), C6 was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) at 24h post (7.8%) and 72h post (8.8%) exercise. Factor B was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) at 72h post exercise (12.8%). RF was significantly elevated at 72h post exercise (6.7%).
Conclusion. Significant increases in selected acutephase reactants occur several days after the exercise event. In addition, as indicated by elevated resting levels of CRP, the athletes began the race with some degree of inflammation, presumably as a result of the cumulative training and racing mileage in preparation for the ultramarathon.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 17-21
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/183
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a183
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 17-21
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/183/121
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/184
2016-08-04T15:56:22Z
sajsm:ART
The effect of a professional cricket match schedule on selected immune parameters
Williams, AW
Myburgh, KH
Smith, C
Objective. The impact of a professional cricket match schedule on white blood cell (WBC) distribution and lymphocyte activation (CD69 expression) was investigated.
Methods. After a 3-month pre-season training period, physical and immune parameters were determined in 14 male cricketers before (B) and after (A) an intensive 5- week match schedule.
Results. Exercise test results were unchanged from B to A. Total WBC counts were similar, but total lymphocyte and lymphocyte subpopulation counts decreased significantly. The CD4:CD8 ratio did not change. After in vitro stimulation, percentage CD4+CD69+ cells increased (B: 54.4 ± 9.7%, A: 64.0 ± 8.5%, p < 0.01), but absolute CD4+CD69+ cell counts did not change from B to A. In contrast, both the %CD8+CD69+ cells and absolute CD8+CD69+ cell count remained similar.
Conclusion. A strenuous, interregional, professional cricket match schedule resulted in a decreased number of lymphocytes, but relatively increased in vitro reactivity of CD4+ cells, thus maintaining the absolute capacity of the CD4+ cells to become activated on stimulation. In cricketers who suffered upper respiratory tract symptoms during the match schedule (N = 7), none of the immune parameters investigated differed significantly from the others at B or A.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 22-27
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/184
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a184
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 22-27
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/184/122
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/185
2021-08-11T06:40:00Z
sajsm:ART
Dietary macronutrient recommendations for optimal recovery post-exercise: Part I
Wright, HH
Claassen, A
Davidson, J
Prolonged, strenuous exercise results in muscle glycogen depletion. Recovery of these stores prior to the next training session or competition is crucial to optimise exercise performance. Nutrition plays an important role during the post-exercise recovery period when processes such as muscle regeneration, glycogen and fluid restoration take place. By manipulating the timing, type and frequency of food intake the rate of recovery can be enhanced, which is of particular importance to athletes performing multiple training or competition sessions within a day, or on a dayto- day basis and recovery time is limited. Restoration of muscle glycogen stores is especially important for athletes participating in prolonged exercise, since depleted glycogen stores are associated with impaired exercise performance. Key factors affecting muscle glycogen storage are carbohydrate (CHO) availability and an increased insulin concentration, both of which are influenced by amount and timing of CHO intake, type of CHO ingested, the ratio of CHO to protein ingested, and the fat content of a food item or meal. To maximise the rate of muscle glycogen restoration during a short (< 6-hour) recovery period, 1 - 1.5 g moderate to high glycaemic index CHO/kg body weight (BW) immediately post-exercise, followed by 0.8 - 1.5 g moderate to high glycaemic index CHO/kg BW/hour (divided in smaller doses every 15 - 60 minutes) for 3 - 4 hours should be ingested. With a longer recovery period (≥6 hours) muscle glycogen storage is independent of type of CHO ingested but a total of 7 - 10 g CHO/kg BW should be taken in within a 24-hour period. Combining protein with an adequate amount of CHO (> 1 g/kg BW/hour) has no added advantage in terms of enhanced rate of glycogen storage, but can be of practical importance. Additionally, this combination may be beneficial since CHO and amino acid availability are important for muscle repair during the recovery period, as will be discussed in detail in Part II of this article.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 28-32
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/185
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a185
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 28-32
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/185/123
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/186
2021-08-11T06:39:25Z
sajsm:ART
Dietary macronutrient recommendations for optimal Dietary macronutrient recommendations for optimal
Wright, HH
Claassen, A
Davidson, J
A net positive nitrogen balance is needed for exerciseinduced muscle damage to be repaired during the recovery period. Apart from hormones and growth factors, adequate energy and amino acid availability contribute to this balance and influence the rate at which protein synthesis and muscle repair occur post-exercise. This paper reviews the dietary factors involved in muscle repair during the post-exercise recovery period. Both resistance and endurance-trained athletes have a higher dietary protein requirement of between 1.2 and 1.8 g protein/kg body weight (BW)/day, with an upper limit of 2 g protein/kg BW/day. To increase the rate of protein synthesis during the recovery period, immediate ingestion of protein postexercise is recommended. Additionally, ingesting 1.2 g carbohydrate (CHO)/kg BW/hour with 0.4 g/kg BW/hour of a wheat amino acid mixture (wheat protein hydrolysate combined with free leucine and phenylalanine) enhances the insulin response compared with ingesting CHO only or combined with other protein hydrolysates, peptides, or intact protein. This increased insulin response could increase muscle protein synthesis indirectly by altering the hormonal milieu. Results on the anabolic effect of single or mixtures of amino acids remains to be further elucidated. The possible antioxidant benefits of whey protein supplementation in athletes remains to be proven, while the antioxidant potential of soy protein holds promise. The effect of glutamine supplementation on protein synthesis in athletes is limited and its clinical relevance for enhanced immune function in endurance athletes remains to be established. Creatine supplementation seems to be beneficial in terms of protein synthesis and gains in fat free mass during the recovery period, while the use â-hydroxy â-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation by trained athletes seems to have limited benefits. It is important to keep dietary advice individualised considering the complexity in which the endocrine system regulates cell function, the diverse mechanisms that control homeostasis, as well as genetic variability.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 33-40
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/186
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a186
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 33-40
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/186/124
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/187
2016-08-04T15:56:00Z
sajsm:ART
Postrace upper respiratory tract ‘infections' in ultramarathoners — infection, allergy or inflammation?
Peters, EM
Despite more than 20 years of research into mechanisms which could result in the increased predisposition of athletes to ‘infection' incidence following excessive and prolonged exercise, definitive explanations are not yet available. A strong temporal relationship between the incidence of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and immune system changes following excessive exercise load (EEL) have not been shown. T-helper cells are functionally polarised according to the cytokines which they produce. While exercise-induced upregulation of T-helper- 2 (TH2) cells and type 2 cytokines is indicative of enhanced activation of allergic responses, downregulation of T-helper-1 (TH1) cells and type 1 cytokines confirms suppression of cellular immune functions. The current knowledge regarding the exercise-induced kinetics of interleukin (IL)-4, a cytokine that is crucial in the activation of the TH2 cells, does, however, not appear to provide sufficient support for an upregulation of a type 2 response. Lowered or unchanged circulating concentrations of type1 cytokines (IL12, IL-2 and interferon γ) and short-term suppression of lymphocyte, natural killer cell and neutrophil function following EEL, reflect a transient, post-exercise suppression of cellular immunity. Despite a partial dampening thereof by the anti-inflammatory actions of IL-10, IL-1ra and IL-6, the evidence supporting a pro-inflammatory response to prolonged exercise and overtraining is unequivocal. At present, the data appear to support the theory that symptoms of ‘infection' experienced by athletes are the manifestation of a significant pro-inflammatory response, combined with a modest, transient suppression of cellular immune functions which may be clinically insignificant.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 3-9
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/187
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a187
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 3-9
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/187/125
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/188
2016-08-04T15:56:02Z
sajsm:ART
The effects of an L-methionine combination supplement on symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections and performance in ultramarathon runners before, during and after ultra-endurance exercise
Harden, LM
Neveling, N
Rossouw, F
Semple, SJ
Marx, FE
Rossouw, J
Rogers, G
Objective. To evaluate whether supplementation with an L-methionine combination would reduce the incidence of upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS) and improve performance in ultramarathon runners.
Design. A double-blind placebo-controlled study.
Setting. Twenty-one ultramarathon runners (17 males, 4 females) preparing for participation in an 87.3 km ultramarathon.
Interventions. L-methionine combination supplement (L-methionine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid and magnesium) or placebo containing potato starch.
Main outcome measures. Incidence of URTS was recorded during the runner's preparation for an ultramarathon race (75 days) and recovery from the same (75 days). CD4+, CD8+ cell counts and ratios were measured pre race, immediately post race and 75 days post race. VO2max and endurance fitness (percentage VO2max at 4 mmol-1 lactate concentration) were measured during the preparation for the race.
Results. During the preparation period the incidence of URTS was 36% in the supplement group and 80% in the placebo group (p = 0.08). The incidence of URTS during the 3 weeks post race was 27% in the supplement group and 40% in the placebo group (p = 0.65). The CD4+/CD8+ cell ratios were not significantly different between groups. Endurance fitness prior to the race and race times were not significantly different.
Conclusions. Although the findings of the current study show that an L-methionine combination supplement did not reduce the incidence of URTS or improve performance in ultramarathon runners, benefits may be found with a more detailed investigation using larger sample sizes and immunosuppressed athletes.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 10-16
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/188
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a188
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 10-16
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/188/126
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/189
2021-08-11T06:38:50Z
sajsm:ART
Mobilisation of satellite cells following ischaemia and reperfusion in primate skeletal muscle
Gregory, MA
Mars, M
Objective. To describe the morphological and morphometric features of activated skeletal muscle satellite cells in primates, using an ischaemic reperfusion model.
Setting. The study was undertaken at the Biomedical Resource Centre and the Electron Microscopy Unit of the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Interventions. Eight vervet monkeys were anaesthetised and subjected to 3 hours of tourniquet-induced lower limb ischaemia. Open muscle biopsies were taken from tibialis anterior muscle immediately after tourniquet release and 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after tourniquet release. Control biopsies were taken from the opposite limb.
Main outcome measures. Description of the morphological and morphometric changes in satellite cells after activation, as seen on transmission electron microscopy.
Results. Two distinct patterns of satellite cell activation are described. In group 1, the cytoplasm of the satellite cell expands around the myocyte and the gap between the satellite cell and the myocyte appears to break down, or in group 2, the novel observation of the satellite cell breaking away from the myofibre and becoming a myocyte totally encased in its own basal lamina. The satellite cells of group 1 were significantly longer than the group 2 cells (p = 0.018) and this was associated with a significant reduction in the percentage of nuclear to cell area (p = 0.011).
Conclusions. Tourniquet-induced ischaemic reperfusion injury is shown to result in two distinct patterns of satellite cell activation which may represent different functions or subsets of satellite cells.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 17-24
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/189
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a189
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 17-24
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/189/127
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/190
2016-08-04T15:56:04Z
sajsm:ART
Shoulder injuries in provincial male fast bowlers - predisposing factors
Aginsky, KD
Lategan, L
Stretch, RA
Objectives. To investigate the relationship between shoulder flexibility and isokinetic strength as possible factors that may predispose provincial fast bowlers to shoulder injuries.
Design. Twenty-one players, 12 of whom had no history of shoulder injuries and 9 of whom had experienced a shoulder injury to the bowling arm, were assessed for shoulder strength using a Cybex Norm isokinetic dynamometer. Absolute and relative peak torque measures were obtained at isokinetic speeds of 90°/s and 180°/s, with both concentric and eccentric contractions performed. Shoulder flexibility was tested using a Leighton Flexometer in both internal and external shoulder rotation. The players were classified into a front-on (N = 7), semi front-on (N = 7) or side-on (N = 7) bowling action from video footage recorded after a bowling trial in the nets.
Results. Shoulder injuries were more common in fast bowlers with a front-on action (N = 5) than the bowlers with a side-on (N = 2) or semi front-on (N = 2) action. Sixteen of the 21 fast bowlers showed low stability ratios compared with gravity corrected functional ratios, indicating an imbalance and the presence of possible dysfunction. The injured group of fast bowlers showed higher concentric weight-normalised torque values for internal rotation at the higher velocity (180°/s) (65.20 ± 10.03 vs. 45.91 ± 10.26 Nm.kg-1 p < 0.009: injured vs. uninjured), which would suggest greater instability when compared with the uninjured players. This imbalance could indicate the presence of a predisposition to impingement syndrome in the injured subjects. There was an increase in the external rotation ranges of movement for both groups, indicating a degree of hypermobility in both groups. The results indicate that the presence of possible dysfunction in the shoulder rotators, combined with a front-on bowling action and external rotation hypermobility, are possible predisposing factors for chronic shoulder injuries in cricket fast bowlers.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 25-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/190
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a190
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 25-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/190/128
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/191
2016-08-04T15:56:06Z
sajsm:ART
Drugs in sport — testing results from the South African Laboratory 1995 - 2002
van der Merwe, PJ
Objective. To summarise the results of the past 8 years obtained at the South African Doping Control Laboratory and to compare the results with international statistics.
Method. Screening procedures were performed on 14 017 urine samples collected from competitors in 54 different sporting codes during the period 1995 - 2002. Samples were analysed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the presence of prohibited substances, which are listed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
Results. The results obtained were compared with those of the IOC-accredited laboratories. Prohibited substances were detected in 300 samples (2.14%), of which 45.6% contained anabolic agents and 34.6% stimulants. The positive samples from the IOC laboratories contained 58.7% anabolic agents and 20.8% stimulants. Testosterone and nandrolone were the anabolic agents most frequently detected in positive samples, both in South Africa and internationally. The ephedrines as a group accounted for most stimulants detected in positive samples.
Conclusion. It is of concern that the percentage of positive samples (2.14%) obtained in our laboratory is higher than the 1.70% in IOC laboratories. It is therefore necessary that doping control to curb the use of prohibited substances should continue and expand.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 29-32
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/191
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a191
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 29-32
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/191/129
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/192
2016-08-04T15:56:08Z
sajsm:ART
The effect of prophylactic knee bracing on proprioception performance in first division rugby union players
Kruger, TH
Coetsee, MF
Davies, S
Objective. To investigate the effects of prophylactic knee bracing on proprioceptive performance among first division rugby union players during a 2-minute Wilknox Quad Time Logger balancing task.
Design. Each subject performed a 2-minute balancing task on the Wilknox Quad Time Logger. Test order, left or right leg, and the sequence of brace or non-brace, were randomised. Subjects were placed on the balancing board and instructed to balance for 2 minutes. Subjects performed 6 trials. Two days elapsed between testing. Each testing day involved 2 trials, 1 trial with and 1 without the prophylactic knee brace.
Settings. Testing took place at the biokinetics laboratory of the University of Zululand. Subjects. Thirty playing (not injured) male rugby players, aged 22 - 30 years, participating in the KwaZulu-Natal club championships (2000).
Outcome measure. Performance was measured in terms of time that balance was lost in a dynamic balance test. Peak proprioception was the best balancing performance recorded, and average proprioception the average balancing performance for all trials.
Results. The findings showed an improvement of 17.9% in average proprioception times and 19.1% in peak proprioception times with the application of a prophylactic knee brace (p < 0.01).
Conclusion. Prophylactic knee bracing improved proprioception performance of playing (uninjured) rugby players, and therefore may be responsible for the improvement in knee injury statistics reported in some studies on knee bracing.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 33-36
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/192
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a192
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 33-36
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/192/130
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/195
2021-10-11T06:36:14Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/196
2021-10-11T06:36:53Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/197
2021-10-11T06:37:40Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/198
2021-10-11T06:39:06Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/206
2021-10-11T06:40:31Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/209
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
Fitness levels of South African youth of Indian Descent - 1977-1997
Coopoo, Y
Naidoo, K
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 4-8
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/209
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a209
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 4-8
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/209/147
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/210
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
Knee injury patterns among young basket ball players in Cape Town
Louw, Quinette
Grimmer, Karen
Vaughan, Kit
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 9-15
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/210
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a210
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 9-15
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/210/148
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/211
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
Concussion in rugby - an update
Kohler, Ryan MN
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 16-20
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/211
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a211
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 16-20
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/211/149
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/212
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
Energy balance and energy expenditure in obesity - is obesity a disease of inactivity?
Lambert, Estelle V
Goedecke, Julia H
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 21-25
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/212
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a212
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 21-25
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/212/150
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/213
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
South African rugby guidelines on the management of concussion
Jakoet, Ismail
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 26-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/213
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a213
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 26-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/213/151
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/214
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
SASMA Congress Abstracts - Oral presentations and Posters
Editor,
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 29-45
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/214
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a214
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 29-45
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/214/152
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/215
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Cricket injuries - a longitudinal study of the nature of injuries in South African cricketers
Stretch, RA
Venter, DJL
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 4-8
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/215
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a215
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 4-8
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/215/153
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/216
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Effects of strapping the tendo-Achilles
Puckree, T
Augustine, E
Ramdani, A
Padayachee, K
Lin, J
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 9-13
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/216
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a216
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 9-13
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/216/154
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/217
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Stability of 19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone glucuronide in urine under various storage conditions
van der Merwe, PJ
Grobbelaar, E
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 14-17
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/217
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a217
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 14-17
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/217/155
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/218
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Avulsion fractrues of the pelvis
Naudé, M
Lindeque, BGP
v Rensburg, DCJ
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 18-24
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/218
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a218
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 18-24
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/218/156
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/219
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Cyclops lesion of the knee
de Villiers, R
Hoffman, D
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 25-26
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/219
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a219
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 25-26
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/219/157
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/220
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Letter: Guidelines for the outpatient treatment of acute symptomatic pulmonary histoplasmosis in cavers
Craven, SA
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 27-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/220
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a220
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 27-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/220/158
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/221
2016-11-10T07:34:45Z
sajsm:ART
Isokinetic evaluation of neck strength
Du Toit, DE
Buys, FJ
Venter, DJL
Olivier, PE
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 3-10
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/221
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a221
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 3-10
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/221/159
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/222
2016-11-10T07:35:00Z
sajsm:ART
Pre-to-post race changes in self-reported depression scores in ultra-distance triathletes - a pilot study
Harrison, AM
Yaldoo, DT
Fiesler, CM
Connor, JT
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 11-16
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/222
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a222
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 11-16
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/222/160
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/223
2016-11-10T07:35:37Z
sajsm:ART
Behavioural response to exercise in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
McKune, AJ
Pautz, J
Lomjbard, J
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 17-21
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/223
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a223
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 17-21
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/223/161
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/224
2016-11-10T11:24:09Z
sajsm:ART
Medical care of the South African Olympic team - the Sydney 2000 experience
Derman, WE
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 22-25
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/224
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a224
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 22-25
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/224/162
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/225
2016-08-04T15:55:46Z
sajsm:ART
Volleyball injuries in KwaZulu-Natal - epidemiology
Puckree, T
Nathalal, Y
Lin, J
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 26-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/225
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a225
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 26-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/225/163
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/226
2016-08-04T15:55:47Z
sajsm:ART
Alterations in mood state following an ultra-marathon
Semple, SJ
Smith, LL
Neveling, N
McKune, A
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 29-31
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/226
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a226
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 29-31
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/226/164
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/227
2016-08-04T15:55:49Z
sajsm:ART
Letter: Caution when using heart rate as a marker of exercise intensity
Kirkman, M
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 32
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/227
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a227
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 32-32
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/227/165
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/229
2021-10-11T06:40:59Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/230
2021-10-11T06:41:36Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/231
2021-10-11T06:42:05Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/232
2016-08-04T15:57:29Z
sajsm:ART
Causes of extreme fatigue in underperforming athletes - a synthesis of recent hypotheses and reviews
Robson-Ansley, PJ
Lakier Smith, L
The underperformance syndrome (UPS), previously known as the overtraining syndrome (OTS), has been defined as a persistent decrement in athletic performance capacity despite 2 weeks of relative rest. Clinical research has suggested that cytokines play a key role in fatigue in disease and chronic fatigue syndrome. Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that exogenous administration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) increases the sensation of fatigue during exercise. In light of current cytokine and chronic fatigue
syndrome research, this article reviews and updates the cytokine theories that attempt to explain the aetiology of the debilitating fatigue experienced in OTS/UPS. Initially,
it was proposed that UPS may be caused by excessive cytokine release during and following exercise, causing a chronic inflammatory state and ‘cytokine sickness'. More recently, the hypothesis was extended and it was proposed that time-dependent sensitisation could provide a model through which the aetiology of UPS may be explained.
According to this model, the principal abnormal factor in UPS is an intolerance/heightened sensitivity to IL-6 during exercise. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 108-114
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-12-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/232
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i4a232
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 4 (2006); 108-114
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/232/170
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/233
2016-08-04T15:57:32Z
sajsm:ART
The effects of exercise training in patients with peripheral vascular disease - a review
Parr, BM
Derman, EW
Patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) suffer from the symptom of intermittent claudication and are therefore intolerant to walking. Exercise training has been
shown to be a beneficial treatment for patients with PVD. Therefore studies have aimed to assess the efficacy of exercise training programmes. This review summarises
the data on the efficacy of exercise training programmes in patients with PVD. Recommendations are made for the mode, duration, frequency and intensity of exercise training programmes. A systematic review of Medline, Pubmed and Science Direct
was done of studies on exercise training and patients with PVD, particularly those using randomised controlled trials. Exercise training improves walking tolerance in patients
with PVD. The common mode of training in patients with PVD in the past decade has been walking on a treadmill; however recently an upper-limb cycle ergometry programme
proved to be as effective as lower-limb cycle ergometry in improving walking tolerance in patients with PVD. As weight-bearing walking programmes are uncomfortable for patients with PVD, this is an important development in exercise prescription for these patients. Most
successful exercise programmes have been 3-6 months in duration for a period of 30 minutes to 1 hour, 2-3 times per week. However, 1 study showed that a shorter period (6
weeks) was of sufficient duration to improve functional capacity in patients with PVD. This is helpful for practitioners as exercise programmes of 3 or 6 months can be daunting for a patient to embark on. Finally, patients should exercise to maximal claudication pain in order to elicit the best training response. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 116-121
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-12-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/233
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i4a233
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 4 (2006); 116-121
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/233/171
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/234
2016-08-04T15:57:35Z
sajsm:ART
Mountain bike racing - the influence of prior glycogen-inducing exercise and glutamine supplementation on selected stress and immune parameters
Smith, C
Myburgh, KH
Objective. To investigate the effect of pre-exercise glutamine supplementation and the influence of a prior acute bout of glycogen-reducing exercise on the general stress
and immune response to acute high-intensity cycling.
Design. Randomised, double-blind, cross-over supplementation study.
Setting and intervention. Subjects performed a series of 4 simulated mountain-bike races lasting ≈60 minutes each on separate days 1 week apart, with/ without prior glycogen-
reducing exercise on a known outdoor course with/ without pre-exercise glutamine supplementation. Blood samples were collected pre- and immediately post-exercise after each race.
Main outcome measures. Circulating concentrations of cortisol (COR) and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS) were assessed at all time points, as well as
changes in white blood cell (WBC) subpopulation distribution.
Results. COR was elevated in all groups post-exercise (p < 0.0001), but neither glycogen reduction, nor glutamine supplementation had any effect. DHEAs increased post-exercise (p < 0.05), with a greater relative increase in glutamine-supplemented subjects (p = 0.07). Total WBC and neutrophil counts in all groups were elevated after exercise (both p < 0.0005). Glutamine supplementation had no effect on differential WBC counts or distribution,
but total WBC (p = 0.06) and monocyte (p < 0.05) counts showed greater increases after glycogen reduction. Gluta- mine supplementation was associated with greater postexercise
decreases in CD4+ count (p = 0.07) and CD4+: CD8+ ratio (p = 0.01) after glycogen-reducing exercise.
Conclusions. We conclude that pre-exercise glutamine supplementation may have an anticortisol effect by enhancing the DHEAS response to exercise stress. The suppressive effect of glutamine supplementation on CD4+: CD8+ ratio and its positive effect on monocyte count after repeated bouts of exercise warrants further investigation. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 122-128
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-12-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/234
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i4a234
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 4 (2006); 122-128
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/234/172
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/235
2016-08-04T15:57:38Z
sajsm:ART
Analysis of patient load data for teams competing in the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa
Killian, A
Stretch, RA
Objectives. To evaluate the injury presentation data for all teams taking part in 10 warm-up matches and 46 matches during the 2003 Cricket World Cup played in South Africa, in order to provide organisers with the basis of a sound medical-care plan for future tournaments of a similar nature.
Methods. The data collected included the role of the injured person, the nature of the injury, whether the treatment was for an injury or an illness, whether the injury was acute, chronic or acute-on-chronic, and the prognosis (rest, play, unfit to play, sent home, follow-up treatment required). The medical personnel in charge of the medical support documented patient information which included the total number of patient presentations and the category of illness/injury.
Results. Ninety patient presentations (1.6 patient presentations per match) were recorded. The most common patient presentations were by the batsmen (50%), followed by the bowlers (29%) and all-rounders (17%). Of the patient presentations, 53% were classified as injuries, while the remaining 47% were classified as illnesses. The patient presentations occurred in the early stages of the competition. The most common presentations were of an acute nature (63%). The main injury pathology categories were trigger point injuries (10%), and bruises / abrasions (10%), while infection (29%) was the main illness pathology.
Conclusions. The 2003 Cricket World Cup proved to be an ideal opportunity to collect data on international cricketers participating in an intensive 6-week international competition; the epidemiological data collected should assist national cricket bodies and organisers of future Cricket World Cup competitions to predict participant-related injury rates. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 129-134
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-12-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/235
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i4a235
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 4 (2006); 129-134
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/235/173
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/236
2016-08-04T15:57:42Z
sajsm:ART
High-intensity exercise and recovery during short-term supplementation with creatine plus a protein-carbohydrate formula
Clark, JR
Objective. To determine the effect of short-term creatine supplementation plus a protein-carbohydrate formula on high-intensity exercise performance and recovery.
Design. A repeated-measures, experimental study, employing a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, group comparison design was used.
Interventions. Thirty active but not sprint-trained male subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: creatine plus protein-carbohydrate formula (CRF); creatine only (CRE); and control (CON). All groups were exposed to the same high-intensity sprint exercise programme, 3 times per week for 30 days.
Main outcome measures. Dependant variables included total repeat sprint distance, fatigue index, perceived muscle pain, and blood lactate, urea, creatine kinase, and cortisol concentrations.
Results. All groups significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased total sprint distance and decreased blood urea concentrations. There were no significant changes in blood lactate or cortisol
concentrations in any group. CRF showed significant decreases (p ≤ 0.05) in fatigue index, muscle pain, and creatine kinase concentration. However, no significant differences
were found between groups.
Conclusion. Short-term creatine supplementation with or without protein-carbohydrate supplementation does not appear to enhance performance or recovery significantly over high-intensity exercise training alone in non-sprint-trained individuals. A longer trial period may be required to evaluate effect on recovery more conclusively. In addition, the prime importance of physical conditioning, and in particular task-specific exercise training, in stimulating performance and recovery adaptations is highlighted. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 136-140
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-12-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/236
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i4a236
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 4 (2006); 136-140
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/236/174
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/237
2016-08-04T15:57:13Z
sajsm:ART
The effect of icepack cooling on skin and muscle temperature at rest and after exercise
Mars, M
Hadebe, B
Tufts, M
Objective. To compare cooling of skin, subcutaneous fat and muscle, produced by an icepack, at rest and after short-duration exhaustive exercise.
Methods. Eight male subjects were studied. With the subject supine, hypodermic needle-tip thermistors were inserted into the subcutaneous fat and the mid-portion of
the left rectus femoris, to a depth of 1 cm plus the adipose thickness at the site, and a temperature probe was placed on the skin overlying the needle tips. A pack of crushed
ice was applied for 15 minutes and temperatures were recorded before, during, and for 45 minutes after icepack application. Thereafter, subjects underwent a ramped, treadmill, VO2max test, an icepack was applied after temperature probes were inserted into the right leg and measurements were made as before.
Results. After the treadmill run, skin (Sk), subcutaneous (SC) and muscle (Ms) temperatures (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) were 0.9 ± 1.3, 1.0 ± 0.7 and 1.3 ± 0.8°C
higher than at rest. After 15 minutes of icepack cooling, temperatures fell in the exercised limb by 22.7 ± 1.5°C (Sk), 13.5 ± 4.2°C (SC) and 9.3 ± 5.5°C (Ms) and in the
control limb by 20.7 ± 2.9°C (Sk), 11.4 ± 2.0°C (SC) and 8.7 ± 2.6°C (Ms). The reductions in temperature were significant in both the control and exercised limbs. Forty-five minutes after icepack cooling, muscle temperature was still approximately 5°C lower in both the rested and exercised muscle (p < 0.001). Individual variations in response to cooling were noted.
Conclusions. Cooling of superficial muscle occurs after high-intensity exercise. The degree of cooling is not uniform. This may be due to differences in the sympathetic response to cooling, influencing haemodynamic and thermoregulatory changes after exercise. This needs further investigation. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (3) 2006: pp. 60-66
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/237
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i3a237
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 3 (2006); 60-66
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/237/175
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/238
2016-08-04T15:57:16Z
sajsm:ART
Pedometer step counting in South Africa: tools or trinkets?
Cook, I
Objectives. This study addressed (i) the accuracy of measuring ambulatory signals and (ii) the susceptibility to nonambulatory signals, of the Discovery Vitality Pedometer
(VT) and the Kellogg's Special K Step Counter (KL) compared with three research-grade pedometers (DW: Yamax DigiWalker SW-401, MTI: MTI Actigraph AM-7164-2.2 ,
NL: New Lifestyles NL 2000).
Design. One hundred instruments (20 instruments/brand) were tested at five level walking speeds on a motorised treadmill (3.24, 4.02, 4.80, 5.64, 6.42 km.hr-1) and during
motor vehicle travel on tarred roads (62.9 km).
Results. The KL was highly variable across all speeds, while the VT tended to be variable at the lowest speed. The DW, NL and VT significantly underestimated steps below 4.80km.hr-1 (41 - 94%, p < 0.02) but accuracy improved at speeds ≥ 4.80 km.hr-1 (98 - 102%). The KL displayed the highest variability (60% inter-instrument variance) followed by the VT (10% inter-instrument variance). The research-grade pedometers were the least variable
(0 - 1% inter-instrument variance). At 4.80 km.hr-1, all research- grade pedometers measured within a 10% margin of error compared with the 90% of VT units and 42% of
KL units. The VT was significantly more resistant to nonambulatory signals than the DW (p < 0.01). The KL was the most variable in its response to non-ambulatory signals
while the NL was the most consistent. The MTI detected the most non-ambulatory signals (p < 0.05).
Conclusions. The KL should not be used as a promotional pedometer. The VT achieved the minimum standards required of a promotional pedometer. Further testing is required for longevity, and performance under free-living conditions. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (3) 2006: pp. 67-78
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/238
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i3a238
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 3 (2006); 67-78
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/238/176
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/239
2016-08-04T15:57:19Z
sajsm:ART
A comparison of the modern and classic golf swing: a clinician\'s perspective
McHardy, A
Pollard, H
Bayley, G
Objective. There is little descriptive research on the motion the body displays during the golf swing. The purpose of this research is to review the modern golf swing and
compare its motion to the classic golf swing.
Discussion. The comparison revealed subtle but significant differences in the backswing and the follow-through positions. The potential implications for power and injury,
particularly of the lower back, are discussed. The discussion describes a third swing, the hybrid swing, which is a combination of the classic and modern swing. The hybrid
swing may potentially reduce the chances of sustaining a low back injury while still retaining the power of the modern swing.
Conclusion. The golf swing has evolved over time as a result of a combination of advanced equipment, course design and human experimentation. The hybrid swing is
being taught by some golf professionals as a balance between the power-potential of the modern swing and the ‘back-friendly\' nature of the classic swing, though no studies
have so far been conducted on its efficacy. Further investigation into the three golf swings, classic, modern and hybrid, is required to determine which swing is the most effective
while also being friendly to the body. Such research will make possible the development programmes aimed at reducing golf injury rates, particularly to the lower back. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (3) 2006: pp. 80-91
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/239
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i3a239
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 3 (2006); 80-91
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/239/177
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/240
2016-08-04T15:57:22Z
sajsm:ART
An inventory of the South african fitness industry
Draper, CE
Grobler, L
Kilian, GA
Micklesfield, LK
Lambert, EV
Noakes, TD
Objective. The aim of this study was to create an inventory of fitness facilities in South Africa, their location, equipment and services offered, and the demographics, education and training of the staff working in these facilities.
Design. A total of 750 facilities were identified, and descriptive data were gathered from 442 facilities (59%) with the use of a questionnaire administered telephonically
and via the website of the Sports Science Institute of South Africa.
Setting. The study was initiated by the Sports Science Institute, and the results were presented at the 4th Annual Discovery Vitality Fitness Convention on 4 May 2006.
Results. Results show that the industry comprises mainly independent facilities (68%). All types of facilities were found to be located mostly within urban areas, and reported
providing services to just less than 2% of the South African population. Facilities offer a wide range of equipment and services to their members. Of the fitness-related
staff at facilities, the majority were reported to be young (18 - 25 years, 55% of male, and 49% of female staff), and in terms of racial proportions most staff were white
(males 40% of total staff and females 33% of total staff).Less than a quarter of fitness-related staff hold university qualifications, and just over 80% of instructors hold qualifications aligned with the National Qualifications Framework.
The importance of education and training of staff was emphasised by respondents.
Conclusions. This report highlights the widespread value of assessing the fitness industry, particularly within the context of the rise of chronic diseases in South Africa and government initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (3) 2006: pp. 93-104
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/240
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i3a240
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 3 (2006); 93-104
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/240/178
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/241
2016-08-04T15:56:41Z
sajsm:ART
Influence of menstrual phase on ventilatory response to submaximal exercise
Oosthuiyse, T
Bosch, AN
Objectives. To determine whether an increase in respiratory drive, due to elevated progesterone and oestrogen concentration during various menstrual phases, persists throughout prolonged submaximal exercise and potentially contributes to fatigue. Furthermore, to determine whether the difference in the ventilatory response to exercise from one menstrual phase to another is correlated to the ovarian hormone concentrations.
Design. We compared the change in ventilatory parameters during 90 min exercise at 60%VO2max between the early follicular (EF) and mid-luteal (ML) phase (N = 9) and between the EF and late follicular (LF) phase (N = 5) in eumenorrhoeic women. Main outcome measures. Menstrual phase comparisons and correlations between the change in ventilatory parameters (minute ventilation (VE), respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume) from the EF to ML or from the EF to LF phase and ovarian hormone concentration. Results. The difference in RR between EF and ML phases correlated to progesterone concentration in the ML phase (r = 0.7, p = 0.04). In addition, RR was higher during exercise in the ML compared with EF phase for the full duration of exercise by on average 2.3 ± 2.1 breaths/min (p <
0.05). However, no difference in submaximal VO2 between menstrual phases was evident. No significant difference in exercising-VE was observed between menstrual phases, but the change in VE from EF to ML correlated to oestrogen (r = 0.8, p = 0.02) and progesterone (r = 0.7, p = 0.04) concentration in the ML phase. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (2) 2006: pp. 31-37
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/241
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i2a241
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 2 (2006); 31-37
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/241/179
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/242
2019-12-04T11:58:36Z
sajsm:ART
Fitness and body composition profiling of elite junior South African rugby players
Durandt, J
du Toit, S
Borresen, J
Hew-Butler, T
Masimla, H
Jakoet, I
Lambert, M
Objective. The aim of this study was to describe the body composition, strength and speed characteristics of elite junior South African rugby players. Design. Cross-sectional. Setting. Field study. Subjects. Rugby players (16 and 18 years old, N = 174) selected for the South African Rugby Union National Green Squad. Outcome measures. Body composition, 10 m and 40 m speed, agility, 1RM bench press, underhand pull-ups, push-ups, multistage shuttle run. Results. The under-16 players were on average shorter (175.6 ± 5.7 v. 179.2 ± 6.7 cm), weighed less (76.5 ± 8.2 v. 84.8 ± 8.3 kg) had less upper body absolute strength (77.1 ± 11.8 kg v. 95.3 ± 16.7 kg) and muscular endurance (41 ± 12 v. 52 ± 15 push-ups) and aerobic fitness (87.1 ± 19.4 v. 93.5 ± 15.3 shuttles) than the under-18 players. There were no differences in body fat, sprinting speed (10 m and 40 m) or agility between the two age groups. There were differences between playing positions, with the props having the most body fat, strongest upper bodies, slowest sprinting speed, least agility and lowest aerobic capacity compared with players in the other positions. Conclusion. This study provides data for elite junior rugby players and can be used to monitor the progression of players after intervention while also assisting with talent identification for the different playing positions. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (2) 2006: pp. 38-45
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/242
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i2a242
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 2 (2006); 38-45
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/242/180
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/243
2016-08-04T15:56:47Z
sajsm:ART
Airways inflammatory and atopy-related responses in athletes
McKune, AJ
Smith, LL
The prevalence of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in highly trained endurance athletes is rising. The type of training (i.e. endurance, or speed and power)
seems to influence the airway symptoms. High-intensity exercise and training might contribute to the development of asthma or AHR in athletes previously unaffected by
these airway disorders. Repeated hyperventilation of unconditioned air, as well as air containing irritants and/or allergens has been suggested to cause thermal, mechanical,
or osmotic airway trauma resulting in damage to the airway epithelium. Subsequent airway inflammatory responses may be responsible for the development of atopy-related
symptoms in endurance athletes such as those observed in asthma and AHR. Eosinophils and neutrophils are the inflammatory cells that have been frequently observed to
be elevated in the airways of endurance athletes. The trafficking of these cells to the airways may possibly be regulated by TH2 cytokines that are expressed in the airways
in response to epithelial cell damage. In addition, these airway inflammatory responses may lead to airway remodelling similar to that which occurs in asthma. The effect of the exercise challenge itself may initiate airway atopy-related and inflammatory responses in endurance
athletes. While the literature seems to support the role of local airway conditions and/or events in inducing atopy-related symptoms in athletes, it is proposed that alterations
in the hormonal and/or cytokine milieu with intense competition and/or training may also play a role. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (2) 2006: pp. 46-51
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/243
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i2a243
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 2 (2006); 46-51
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/243/181
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/244
2016-08-04T15:56:49Z
sajsm:ART
Analysis of patient load data from the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa
Kilian, A
Stretch, RA
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patient presentation data for spectators attending the opening ceremony and all the 2003 Cricket World Cup
matches played in South Africa in order to provide organisers with the basis of a sound medical care plan for mass gatherings of a similar nature. Methods. During the 2003 Cricket World Cup, data were collected on the spectators presenting to the medical facilities
during the opening ceremony and the 42 matches played in South Africa. Data included the total number of patient presentations and the category of illness or injury. This information was used to determine the venue accommodation rate and the patient presentation rate.
The illness/injury data were classified into the following categories: (i) heat-related illness; (ii) blisters/scrapes/ bruises; (iii) headache; (iv) fractures/sprains/lacerations;
(v) eye injuries; (vi) abdominal pain; (vii) insect bite; (viii) allergy-related illness; (ix) cardiac disorders, chest pains; (x) pulmonary disorder/shortness of breath; (xi) syncope;
(xii) weakness/dizziness; (xiii) alcohol/drug-related conditions; (xiv) seizure; (xv) cardiac arrest; (xvi) obstetric/ gynaecological disorder; and (xvii) other. Results. The total number of patients who presented to the medical stations was 2 118, with a mean of 50 (range
14 - 91) injuries per match. The mean for the patient presentation rate was 4/1 000 spectators. The most frequently encountered illness or injury was headache (954 patients,
45%), followed by fractures, sprains and lacerations (351 patients, 16%). South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (2) 2006: pp. 52-56
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/244
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i2a244
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 2 (2006); 52-56
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/244/182
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/245
2018-09-06T06:20:29Z
sajsm:ART
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the exercise-induced stress response
Claassen, N
Snyman, J
Koorts, A
Nolte, H
Wagenaar, B
Kruger, M
Becker, PJ
Viljoen, M
Objective. This study investigated the effects of single dosages of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) naproxen, and of the coxib, rofecoxib, on the exercise-induced stress response. Design. Eight subjects (age 20.9 ± 1.1 years, weight 70.4
± 3.9 kg, height 170.9 ± 6.7 cm, body surface area 1.82 ± 0.09 m2, body mass index 24.1 ± 1.3 kg.m-2) took part in a double-blind, drug-placebo, cross-over design study. The
experimental procedures were performed on 3 occasions on each volunteer, i.e. once on placebo, once on naproxen (single dose of 1 000 mg) and once on rofecoxib (single dose of 50 mg). Results. Mean post-exercise cortisol values were significantly higher than pre-exercise values with the subjects on placebo (p = 0.0365) and rofecoxib (p = 0.0208), but not on naproxen (p = 0.0732). Post-exercise oral temperatures were significantly higher than pre-exercise temperature values on placebo (p = 0.0153) and rofecoxib (p = 0.0424),
but not on naproxen (p = 0.5444). Conclusion. The results of this study suggest a role for
cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) in the exercise-induced cortisol and temperature response to exercise. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (1) 2006: pp. 4-8
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/245
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i1a245
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 1 (2006); 4-8
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/245/183
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/246
2018-09-06T06:20:29Z
sajsm:ART
Shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers in KwaZulu-
Puckree, T
Thomas, KJ
Objective. To determine the incidence of shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers in KwaZulu-Natal, a province in South Africa. Design. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A random sample of 96 swimmers from a pool of 300 swimmers registered with first-division clubs affiliated to the KwaZulu-Natal Aquatics Association participated in the
study by informed voluntary consent. Data were gathered using a validated questionnaire.
Setting. Data were gathered at time trials, races and club meetings. Main measures. Variables monitored included the incidence of shoulder injuries, shoulder pain and proportion
of overuse injury. Results. Seventy-one per cent of the swimmers had shoulder pain and 64% reported injury to the shoulder. Forty-six per cent of the swimmers with pain complained of anterior shoulder pain, while 65% of all injuries were due to overuse. The commonest diagnoses included tendonitis (35%), muscle imbalance (29%), impingement
(19%) and other (17%). Sixty-nine per cent of the swimmers swam freestyle which was related to 70% of the injuries. Eighty-one per cent of the injured swimmers sought
physiotherapy for the shoulder pain. Conclusion. The incidence of shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers is high. This study shows the need for more research into swimming injuries, and the conditioning and rehabilitation of athletes in South Africa. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (1) 2006: pp. 10-12
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/246
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i1a246
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 1 (2006); 10-12
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/246/184
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/247
2018-09-06T06:20:29Z
sajsm:ART
Validity and reliability of the session RPE method for monitoring exercise training intensity
Herman, L
Foster, C
Maher, MA
Mikat, RP
Porcari, JP
Objective. The Session Rating of Perceived Extertion (RPE) is a method of measuring exercise intensity that may be useful for the quantitative assessment of exercise
training programmes. However, there are inadequate data regarding the validity and reliability of the Session RPE method. This study was designed to evaluate both the
validity and reliability of the Session RPE method in comparison to objective measures (%HRpeak, %HRreserve and %VO2peak) of exercise intensity. Methods. Fourteen healthy volunteers (7 male, 7 female) performed 6 randomly ordered 30-minute constant-load
exercise bouts at 3 different intensities, with each intensity being repeated. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout each exercise bout
and normalised to maximal values obtained during a preliminary maximal exercise test. Thirty minutes following the conclusion of each exercise bout, the subject rated
the global intensity of the bout using a modification of the Category Ratio (CR) (0 - 10) RPE scale. This rating was compared to the mean value of objectively measured exercise
intensity across the duration of the bout. Results. There were significant non-linear relationships between Session RPE and %VO2peak (R2 = 0.76), %HRpeak (R2 = 0.74) and %HRreserve (R2 = 0.71). There were no significant differences between test and retest values of %VO2peak, %HRpeak, %HRreserve and Session RPE during the easy (47 v. 47%, 65 v. 66%, 47 v. 48% and 2.0 v. 1.9), moderate (69 v. 70%, 83 v. 84%, 74 v. 75%, and 4.2 v. 4.3) and hard (81 v. 81%, 94 v. 94%, 91 v. 91% and 7.3 v. 7.4) exercise bouts. Correlations between repeated bouts for %VO2peak (r = 0.98), %HRpeak (r = 0.98), %HRreserve (r = 0.98) and Session RPE (r = 0.88) were significant and strong.
Conclusions. The results support the validity and reliability of the Session RPE method of monitoring exercise intensity, although as might be predicted for a subjective method the Session RPE was less precise than the objective measures of exercise training intensity. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (1) 2006: pp. 14-17
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/247
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i1a247
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 1 (2006); 14-17
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/247/185
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/248
2018-09-06T06:20:29Z
sajsm:ART
Biomechanical factors associated with the risk of knee injury when landing from a jump
Louw, Q
Grimmer, K
Objectives. To systematically assess the literature investigating biomechanical knee injury risk factors when an individual lands from a jump. Data sources. Four electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed English journals containing landing biomechanical studies published over 14 years (1990 - 2003). Study selection. Publications describing research into knee joint kinetics and/or kinematics when landing from a
jump were included. A total of 26 eligible articles met the inclusion criteria.
Data extraction. A review of the 26 eligible studies was undertaken to describe the key study components including the study aims, sample populations, measurement tools,
measurement procedures and knee risk factors. Methodological quality was scored using the Crombie Checklist and PEDro Scale. Data synthesis. The methodological quality of the studies reviewed was fair. Information on risk factors was variable. One proposed risk factor, landing with the knee in a relatively more extended position, may increase injury risk.
Validity was compromised when the landing action was isolated by studying drop-jumping instead of the whole landing task. Results of reviewed studies were potentially
confounded by a number of factors. Conclusion. High-level evidence for biomechanical knee
injury risk factors when landing from a jump is lacking and it is difficult to draw conclusions regarding knee injury risk factors when landing. However, the published research
reviewed provides important information on injury causality and theories to direct future studies. Further research should be directed towards younger populations using valid
testing protocols applicable to real life scenarios. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (1) 2006: pp. 18-23
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/248
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i1a248
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 1 (2006); 18-23
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/248/186
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/249
2018-09-06T06:20:29Z
sajsm:ART
C-reactive protein - biological functions, cardiovascular disease and physical exercise
Semple, SJ
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant that increases in response to noxious stimuli that inevitably induce cellular and/or tissue injury. The increased synthesis
of CRP occurs predominantly in the liver and peaks 24 - 48 hours after the inciting stimulus. CRP forms an integral component of innate immunity and serves primarily to recognise
potential pathogens and damaged cells. It facilitates the removal of these cells through opsonisation and activates the complement system. With increasing evidence
supporting the classification of artherosclerosis as inflammatory in nature, CRP has received considerable attention as a marker, and in some cases a contributor towards
this cardiovascular disease. Traditionally, CRP has been measured within exercise studies to provide evidence that an acute-phase inflammatory response can or has been initiated. Although the elevation in CRP following exercise has largely been attributed to muscle damage, evidence is mounting to contest this premise. Participation in chronic
exercise has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Numerous studies have now shown an inverse relationship between physical activity levels and
resting concentrations of CRP. Thus, exercise may prove beneficial in lowering systemic inflammatory markers such as CRP, and consequently contribute towards preventing
the progression of inflammatory disorders. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (1) 2006: pp. 24-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/249
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i1a249
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 1 (2006); 24-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/249/187
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/251
2016-08-04T16:01:25Z
sajsm:ART
Validity and reliability of a physical activity/inactivity questionnaire in South African primary schoolgirls
Mciza, ZJ
Goedecke, JH
Lambert, EV
Objective. We sought to determine the validity and reliability of a self-report physical activity questionnaire (PAQ) measuring physical activity/inactivity in South African
schoolgirls of different ethnic origins.
Methods. Construct validity of the PAQ was tested against physical activity energy expenditure estimated from an ACTIVITYGRAM and inactivity from reported television
programme viewing in 332 girls (ages 9 - 12 yrs, grades 4 - 5). Body composition (WHO BMI percentiles and percentage body fat) was used as an indirect measure
of validity for the PAQ. Test-retest reliability of the PAQ was assessed in a convenience sample of 14 girls.
Results. Weak but significant associations were found between the body composition and PAQ-derived total energy expenditure (r=-0.18; p
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-12-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/251
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i5a251
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 5 (2007); 117-124
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/251/189
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/252
2020-02-13T12:22:14Z
sajsm:ART
Initial investigation of nutrition and supplement use, knowledge and attitudes of under-16 rugby players in South Africa
Duvenage, KM
Meltzer, ST
Chantler, SA
Background. Internationally young athletes are reported to have a poor understanding of the principles of sports nutrition and supplement use; hence their diet may be unhealthy and inappropriate for participation in sport. There is limited research on current nutritional knowledge and attitudes of under-16 (U16) age-group level rugby players in South Africa (SA).Objectives. To assess dietary- and supplement-related knowledge and attitudes of 198 U16 national-level rugby players in SA.Methods. Over a period of four consecutive years a total of 198 players attending nutrition workshops at the annual selection camp received and completed an anonymous structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measures (weight, height and skinfolds) were gathered by registered biokineticists.Results. Of players 87% (168/193) indicated that they wanted to increase lean muscle mass, with 42% (82/194) feeling pressurised to do so by their coach and/or parents. Almost half (85/196) believed their diets to be poor. Players had better knowledge about nutrition recovery strategies than pre-game meals. Seventy per cent (136/195) identified optimal timing and 56% (109/196) knew the ideal macronutrient composition of recovery meals. Over 60% of players believed supplements were safe (115/192) and necessary (132/193) for increasing muscle mass, and almost half (106/195) believed they could take creatine. Over a third (68/170) also believed that the protein quality of supplements was higher than that of food. Supplements were primarily recommended by coaches and non-dietetic medical practitioners. Eight of the players self-prescribed supplements and four were taking supplements on the advice of a store salesperson or representative.Conclusion. The elite U16 rugby players in this study lacked comprehensive sports nutritional knowledge, yet had an overly positive attitude toward supplementation and used supplements haphazardly to achieve body composition goals. Tailor-made nutrition interventions with a strong education component are recommended to improve players’ nutritional knowledge, as well as access to registered dietitians working in sport to advise on supplements.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2015-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/252
10.7196/SAJSM.8092
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 27 No. 3 (2015); 67-71
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/252/190
Copyright (c) 2015 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/253
2020-02-13T12:22:11Z
sajsm:ART
Tackle-injury epidemiology in koshuis rugby players at Stellenbosch University
Mathewson, E
Grobbelaar, R
Background. The tackle is an important component of rugby union. The tackle situation carries the highest risk for injury for both the ball carrier and tackler. Little is known about the epidemiology of tackle injuries in koshuis rugby players.Objectives. To (i) calculate the tackle-related injury rate, (ii) determine if the tackler or ball carrier is more susceptible to injury, and (iii) determine the most common location and type of injury during tackles.Methods. Data were collected by means of injury report forms from the medical centre during koshuis matches of 2012 and 2013. All data collected were captured into an online database. Only data related to tackle injuries were evaluated for this retrospective, descriptive epidemiological study.Results. The tackle led to 61% of all injuries (11.4 injuries/1 000 playing hours). The tackler sustained 23% more injuries than the ball carrier. Injuries to the face (3.1 injuries/1 000 playing hours, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8 - 3.3) were most prevalent. The most common type of injury was lacerations (3.4 injuries/1 000 playing hours, 95% CI 3.2 - 3.7).Conclusion. The tackle contributed to 61% of all injuries, making it the most dangerous phase of play. The tackler is more at risk than the ball carrier, especially for injuries to the face, with lacerations having the highest prevalence. For the ball carrier the location of the most injuries was the head, although joint sprains were the most common type of injury for the ball carrier.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2015-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/253
10.7196/SAJSM.8091
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 27 No. 3 (2015); 72-75
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/253/191
Copyright (c) 2015 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/254
2016-08-04T16:01:30Z
sajsm:ART
Nature and proportion of total injuries at the Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club: a comparason of the years 1973 1975 with 2003 -2005
Puren, MS
Barnard, JG
Viviers, PL
Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the nature and proportion of total injuries occurring at Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club in Stellenbosch, South Africa,
between the years 1973 - 1975 and 2003 - 2005.
Design. Retrospective, descriptive study.
Main outcome measures. Injured rugby players from the Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club from the different time periods were included in the study. Results from the 1973
- 1975 time period were obtained from two previously published articles (Roy, 1974; Van Heerden, 1976), while data from the 2003 - 2005 time period were available through
the Stellenbosch University Rugby Injury Database.
Results. An increase in the proportion of head and facial injuries from 1973 - 1975 (21%) to 2003 - 2005 (42%) was found as well as a doubling in the proportion of concussions
between the two time periods (12% - 23%). There was an overall decrease in total injuries between the two time periods.
Conclusion. The findings highlight the high and increased proportion of head and facial injuries in the game of rugby at the Stellenbosch Rugby Football Club. This is a matter
that should be further investigated. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (5) 2007: pp. 125-128
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-12-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/254
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i5a254
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 5 (2007); 125-128
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/254/192
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/255
2017-06-21T10:19:26Z
sajsm:ART
Cricket pace bowling: The trade-off between optimising knee angle for performance advantages v. injury prevention
Olivier, B
Stewart, AV
Green, AC
McKinon, W
Background. The cricket pace bowler utilises various strategies, including a more extended front knee angle, to achieve optimal performance benefits. At times this is done to the detriment of injury prevention.Objective. To investigate the relationship between three-dimensional (3D) knee kinematics during pace bowling action, injury incidence and bowling performance at the start and end of a cricket season.Methods. Knee angle and ball release (BR) speed of injury-free premier league (club level) cricket pace bowlers over the age of 18 years were measured at the start and end of the cricket season. Kinematic, injury- and bowling performance-related (BR speed and accuracy) data were analysed using paired and independent Student's t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient,χ2 test and a two-way analysis of covariance with repeated measures.Results. Thirty-one bowlers participated in this study, and kinematic data of a subset of 17 were analysed. Nine bowlers (53%) sustained injuries during the cricket season. No statistically significant relationship was found between knee angle and injury. Bowlers who did not sustain an injury bowled with more knee flexion at the start of the season (mean (standard deviation) 157.07° (12.02°)) than at the end of it (163.95° (6.97°)) (p=0.01). There was no interaction between accuracy and knee angle. There was a good to excellent inverse correlation between BR speed and knee angle among bowlers who remained injury free (r=.0.79; p=0.18).Conclusion. Bowlers who remain injury free during the course of the season may use strategies other than the front knee angle to facilitate high BR speeds. Technique-related variables which are more 'protective' against injuries while allowing for higher BR speeds should be further investigated among bowlers.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2015-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/255
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 27 No. 3 (2015); 76-81
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/255/193
Copyright (c) 2015 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/256
2016-08-04T16:01:36Z
sajsm:ART
A review of cricket injuries and the effectiveness of strategies to prevent cricket injuries at all levels
Stretch, RA
Objective. This review evaluates the scientific research on cricket injuries, including long-term injury surveillance studies, the consensus statement paper for injury surveillance, specific counter-measures to reduce the risk of cricket injuries and finally identifies areas of future concern.
Results. The literature shows that three major cricketplaying countries, Australia, England and South Africa, have collected long-term injury data. While these sets of
data show definite trends, it was not always possible to make direct comparisons between data collected in various countries. As a result a consensus statement paper
with regards to definitions and methods to calculate injury rates, incidence and prevalence was developed. The first study using this newly accepted injury surveillance method
showed injury patterns in West Indies domestic and national cricket teams. There have been three primary studies carried out with regards to interventions aimed at
reducing the risk of injury to fast bowlers. These included a coaching interventions programme, the use of a bowling aid in an attempt to modify bowling technique and a
study that evaluated the recommended bowling workloads in young cricketers. The implications of the changes to the laws relating to the bowling action and the increased
usage of the sliding stop in fielding are reviewed.
Conclusion. From the review it is evident that there is a need to continue with injury surveillance, as well as a need to continue with and increase the number of studies that
evaluate the efficacy of intervention strategies in order to reduce the risk of injury to cricketers. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (5) 2007: pp. 129-132
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-12-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/256
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i5a256
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 5 (2007); 129-132
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/256/194
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/257
2020-03-12T07:14:00Z
sajsm:ART
Physical profiles of elite male field hockey and soccer players - application to sport-specific tests
Durandt, JJ
Evans, JP
Revington, P
Temple-Jones, A
Lamberts, RP
Background. The physical demands of field hockey and soccer, based on match analysis, are comparable. As a consequence many exercise scientists and coaches have
started to use the same type of field tests for hockey and soccer for the purposes of talent identification and training prescription. The validity of this practice is unknown and
the data supporting the similarity of the physical attributes of soccer and hockey players are lacking.
Objectives. To compare the physical attributes of elite South African hockey and soccer players.
Methods. Elite hockey players (N=39: 22±3 years; mean ± standard deviation) and soccer players (N=37; 24±4 years) completed a set of physical tests including a 10 m
and 40 m sprint test, a repeated sprint test (sprint fatigue resistance), a 1RM bench press and a push-up test.
Results. There were no differences in the 10 m (1.8±0.1 s both groups) and 40 m (5.4±0.2 s v. 5.3±0.2 s; hockey v. soccer) sprint times and distance run in the repeated
sprint test (754±14 m v. 734±51 m). The hockey players were stronger (82±16 v. 65±13 kg) and did more push-ups (49±12 v. 38±10 push-ups) than the soccer players.
Conclusions. It is acceptable to use the same type of sport-specific tests to measure sprint capacity and sprint fatigue resistance for hockey and soccer players. However, it is questionable whether the normative data derived for upper body strength for soccer players are relevant for hockey players, and vice versa. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 74-78
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-10-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/257
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i3a257
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 3 (2007); 74-78
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/257/9818
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/258
2020-02-13T12:22:09Z
sajsm:ART
Identifying risk factors that contribute to acute mountain sickness
Mahomed, Z
Martin, D
Gilbert, E
Grant, CC
Patricios, J
Motara, F
Background. Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is an ever-increasing burden on the health sector. With reported incidences of greater than 50%, coupled with the fact that recreational activities at high altitude are gaining increasing popularity, more persons are developing AMS. Physicians are therefore increasingly faced with the task of managing and preventing AMS.Objectives. The pathophysiology of AMS is poorly understood, with little understanding of risk factors for the development of AMS. This research aimed to identify epidemiological and physiological risk factors for development of AMS.Methods. This study is a questionnaire-based study conducted in London and at Everest Base Camp, in which 116 lowlanders were invited to participate and fill in a questionnaire to identify potential risk factors in their history that may have contributed to development of or protection against AMS.Results. A total of 89 lowlanders enrolled in the study. Thirty-seven of the participants had AMS at Everest Base Camp, giving a prevalence of 42%. Of the demographic variables, only weight and body mass index (BMI) were statistically significantly associated with AMS, with those who weighed less or had a lower BMI more likely to get AMS. Previous high-altitude experience was also associated with AMS, with those who had such experience less likely to get AMS.Conclusion. Predicting AMS and furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology of AMS will be of tremendous benefit. Further research is needed in this regard.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2015-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/258
10.7196/SAJSM.8112
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 27 No. 3 (2015); 82-86
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/258/196
Copyright (c) 2015 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/259
2016-08-04T16:00:48Z
sajsm:ART
Seasonal incidence and nature of cricket injuries among elite South African schoolboy cricketers
Milson, NM
Barnard, JG
Stretch, RA
Objective. To identify the incidence and nature of injuries sustained by elite South African schoolboy cricketers.
Design. Data were collected retrospectively using a questionnaire. Cricketers recalled all injuries from June 2003 to May 2004.
Setting. The population consisted of 196 cricketers representing all provincial teams in the 2004 under-19 Coca- Cola Khaya Majola cricket week.
Results. Sixty-seven injuries were sustained by 196 cricketers, with an incidence of 34.2% during the period under review. Injuries occurred during matches (71.6%), throughout
the season due to repetitive stresses sustained during matches and practices (14.9%), during practice (11.9%) and during other forms of training (1.5%). Bowling accounted
for 50.7% of the injuries, fielding 32.8%, batting 14.9% and the remaining 1.5% occurred while warming up or training. The primary mechanism of injury occurred during the delivery stride and follow through of the fast bowler (34.3%). Eighty seven per cent of the injuries were first-time injuries while 13% were recurrent. Most injuries (40.6%) reported were severe and took the cricketers more than 21 days to recover. Cricketers were more prone to injury during December and January.
Conclusion. The incidence and nature of injuries have been recorded and potential risk factors for injury have been identified. It is suggested that coaches and cricketers
partake in continuous educational processes that focus on all the physical, mental and technical components necessary for success in cricket, with a national database South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 80-84
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-10-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/259
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i3a259
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 3 (2007); 80-84
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/259/197
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/260
2016-08-04T16:00:53Z
sajsm:ART
Changes in neutrophil count, creatine kinases and muscle soreness after repeated bouts of downhill running
Smith, LL
Semple, SJ
McKune, AJ
Neveling, N
Caldeira, M
Swanepoel, J-M
Tsomele, L
Naidoo, M
Sibanda, E
Objective. A primary objective was to examine circulating neutrophil count after repeated bouts of downhill running. An additional aim was to determine creatine kinase (CK)
levels during the initial 12 hours, after repeated DHRs.
Design. Eleven healthy, untrained Caucasian males performed 2 x 60 min bouts of DHR (-13.5%), spaced 14 days
apart, at a speed equal to 75% VO2max on a level grade. Blood was collected before, after, and every hour for 12 hours, and every 24 hours for 6 days. Absolute neutrophil
count, CK, and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed. Results were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA (p
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-10-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/260
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i3a260
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 3 (2007); 86-93
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/260/198
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/261
2020-02-13T12:22:06Z
sajsm:ART
Role of parents as a protective factor against adolescent athletes’ doping susceptibility
Blank, C
Leichtfried, V
Müller, D
Schobersberger, W
Background. Although literature on sports psychology outlines parental influence in various areas, research has not focused on its potential in the framework of doping.Objective. To assess whether parents’ knowledge about doping effects, and their behaviour and beliefs might act as a protecting factor for Austrian junior (14 - 18 years) elite athletes’ doping susceptibility (DS).Methods. Questionnaires were distributed to 1 818 student athletes and their parents. As well as collecting sociodemographic data, information about current sports activity levels and the former sports careers of parents, the following categories were included: (i) knowledge about effects of doping; (ii) parental behaviour; (iii) parental beliefs about athletes’ skills to become a professional athlete; and (iv) DS.Results. In total 527 data sets were entered for analysis. Current state of knowledge was significantly different between mothers (0.72 (0.2)) and fathers (0.76 (0.2)) (p=0.003). Next to situational variables, only fathers’ behaviour, which was moderated by fathers’ beliefs, was a significant predictor of athletes’ DS.Conclusion. Fathers have the potential of acting as a protective factor for DS in athletes, but only if their level of belief is moderate. Doping prevention strategies should include parents, but need to be careful on the role they are planning to fulfil, with an emphasis on soft skills (e.g. communication). Future research might include variables from sports psychology such as motivational climate, goal orientation and belief in success as possible mediators of the influence of parents on their adolescent children in the sport setting.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2015-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/261
10.7196/SAJSM.8094
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 27 No. 3 (2015); 87-91
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/261/199
Copyright (c) 2015 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/262
2016-08-04T16:00:59Z
sajsm:ART
Maintenance of hyperglycaemia does not improve perfomence in a 100 km cycling time trial
Bosch, AN
Kirkman, MC
Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine whether the elevated plasma glucose oxidation rate (~ 1.8 g.min-1) in the latter stages of prolonged exercise in subjects in which hyperglycaemia (± 10 mmol.l-1) is maintained via a glucose clamp, improves 100 km cycling time-trial (TT) performance.
Design. Seven endurance-trained male cyclists (22±4 yrs) participated in this randomised crossover trial. On two occasions, separated by 7 - 10 days, subjects performed
a self-paced TT in the laboratory. During one TT blood glucose was maintained at a euglycaemic concentration of ± 5 mmol.l-1 (ETT) and during the other, at ±10 mmol.l-1
(HTT). Each TT was interspersed with 5 X 1 km high-intensity periods (HIP) and 4 X 4 km HIP, in an attempt to mimic the variable intensity of competitive road races. Subjects
were instructed to complete the TT in the ‘fastest time possible', taking the 9 HIP (21 km) into consideration.
Results. There were no significant differences between ETT and HTT in overall time (143:09±7:14 v. 142:23±7:16 min:s), mean power (275±39 v. 279±39 W) and heart rate
(160±9 v. 158±11 beats.min-1).
Conclusion. Time trial performance over 100 km is not improved by maintaining a hyperglycaemic (10 mmol.l-1) blood glucose concentration. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 94-98
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-10-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/262
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i3a262
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 3 (2007); 94-98
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/262/200
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/263
2016-08-04T16:00:14Z
sajsm:ART
Ethically we can no longer sit on the fence - a neuropsychological perspective on the cerebrally hazardous contact sports
Shuttleworth-Edwards, AB
Whitefield, VJ
Background and objective. The number of male and female contact sport participants is increasing worldwide. The aim of the review is to discuss the potential for deleterious sequelae of sports concussion (mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)), and management thereof. Discussion. Incidence of concussion in the field contact
sports is high, not only for boxing, but also for soccer, football and especially rugby. An overview of studies investigating persistent deleterious cognitive and symptomatic
outcome following cumulative sports MTBI suggests that individuals may be at risk for permanent neurological damage following participation in a contact sport. Established
sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) typically involving frontal systems include cognitive decline, behavioural changes such as diminished self-regulation and aggression, and increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. The presence of such consequences hidden within the context of the widely popularised contact sports, has societal implications that should be acknowledged. Compromised scholastic abilities and enhanced aggressive tendencies
in association with sports MTBI are in need of further longitudinal research.
Conclusion. A comprehensive preventive approach to the management of MTBI in sport is advocated that includes professionally applied neuropsychological assessment as
a crucial component. Future policy considerations are the introduction of mandatory informed consent for participation in a high-risk contact sport such as rugby, particularly
at youth level, and financial provision for concussion management amongst economically disadvantaged populations. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 32-38
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-06-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/263
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i2a263
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 2 (2007); 32-38
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/263/201
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/264
2016-08-04T16:00:18Z
sajsm:ART
Higher log position is not associated with better physical fitness in professional soccer teams in South Africa
Clark, JR
Objective. To assess the difference in physical fitness of players in successful versus less-successful professional soccer teams in South Africa.
Design. Professional soccer players (N = 140) underwent a battery of tests assessing important physiological components during the early part of their competitive season.
Players were then separated into two groups on the basis of their teams' final log position in the Premier Soccer League (PSL) in South Africa. Players in successful (N =
70) and less-successful (N = 70) teams were in the top four or bottom six positions on the log respectively. Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) were
calculated for each group, and independent t-tests were used to compare the means of the groups for each of the physical tests.
Main outcome measures. Body composition, flexibility, muscle strength-endurance, power, speed, agility, aerobic endurance, and repeat sprint distance.
Results. There were no significant differences between groups for all measures of body composition, flexibility, repeat sprint distance, and agility. Significant differences
(p < 0.05) were found for sit-ups, aerobic endurance, and speed, but these were generally small, not meaningful differences in performance. Players in successful squads
were significantly (p < 0.01) older than those in less-successful teams.
Conclusions. The results demonstrate that in South Africa level of physical fitness is not higher in more-successful compared with less-successful teams in the PSL. Factors
other than physical fitness may be more important in determining successful league performance and discrimi-nate better between players in teams with different levels
of success. Improving professional soccer performance may require coaches and trainers to focus more attention on technical and tactical skill development in sport-specific
training once an acceptable standard of fitness has been attained.. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 40-45
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-06-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/264
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i2a264
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 2 (2007); 40-45
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/264/202
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/265
2016-08-04T16:00:23Z
sajsm:ART
Effect of a prevention programme on the incidence of rugby injuries among 15- and 16-year-old schoolboys
Erasmus, H
Spamer, EJ
Objective. The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of an injury prevention programme on the incidence of rugby injuries (overall, intrinsic and extrinsic
injuries) among 15- and 16-year-old schoolboys, over a 2- year period. A secondary aim was to identify the percentage of intrinsic rugby injuries associated with a previous
injury history.
Design. A non-equivalent experimental-control group design with multiple post-tests.
Subjects. A- and B-team rugby players (N =120) from 2 secondary schools in the North West province of South Africa.
Intervention. The injury prevention programme was planned according to the physical, motor, biomechanical and postural status of all players. Players in the experimental
group received exercises to improve biomechanical and postural deficits identified, as well as drills to address shortcomings in speed, agility, and explosive power.
Main outcome measures. Rugby injuries were screened and injury data collected through the use of weekly sportsmedicine clinics.
Results. Differences and changes in extrinsic injury incidence in this study could not be attributed to the effect of the prevention programme, and as a result injury trends
related to overall injury incidence were inconsistent when the matching experimental and control groups were compared. However, the prevention programme did have a
positive effect on the intrinsic injury incidence of both the 15- (d = 1.61) and 16-year-old (d = 0.83) groups during the study period. During the second season there were no
intrinsic injuries of a previous nature among both the experimental groups (0%), while in contrast intrinsic injuries of a previous nature still amounted to a significant fraction
in both the control groups.
Conclusion. The present intervention programme did not have a practically significant effect on the incidence of overall rugby injuries and extrinsic rugby injuries in 15- and
16-year-old schoolboys over a 2-year period. However, in practice the prevention programme did have a significantly positive effect on the incidence of intrinsic rugby injuries
among 15- and 16-year-old schoolboys over a period of 2 years. Timely introduction of this programme during the off-season is advised. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 46-51
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-06-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/265
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i2a265
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 2 (2007); 46-51
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/265/203
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/266
2016-08-04T16:00:28Z
sajsm:ART
Fluid use in mountain bikers - self-reported practices
Rose, SC
Chipps, HA
Peters, EM
Background and objectives. Little is known of the fluid replacement habits of participants in mountain bike (MTB) endurance events. This survey set out to determine the
current perceptions and practices of this group of endurance athletes.
Method. Four hundred and twelve participants in the 3- day 2006 Sani2C (MTB) race completed questionnaires that elicited information regarding their regular fluid intake
practices during competitive MTB endurance events. This included their general approach to fluid replacement, their fluid intake practices (type, amount and frequency), urine
output and hydration status.
Results. While 70% (N = 290) reported that they based their fluid intake practices on personal past experiences, less than half the group (N = 177, 43%) were aware of
official sport-specific guidelines. Although 86% (N = 354) reported making use of commercially available sport-specific drinks, consumption of water alone was reported by
34% of respondents (N = 140). The majority (N = 225, 55%) of the mountain bikers reported drinking every 16 - 30 minutes during an endurance ride, while 35% (N =
144) reported drinking every 0 - 15 minutes. Fifty-three per cent (N = 182) of the male respondents and 45% (N = 23) of female respondents reported a routine intake of
≥ 750 ml per hour during endurance rides. This included 2 women who reported regular intakes of between 1 500 and 2 000 ml/hr. Only 7 (2%) reported receiving medical
care for dehydration following their participation in previous MTB rides. Conclusions. This survey indicates that although more than half of the mountain bikers did not acknowledge specific awareness of the official fluid replacement guidelines, over 80% reported drinking regularly during a race, and 52% (N = 212) reported a usual intake of ≥ 750 ml/hr during
endurance races. Until scientific studies have carefully examined the hydration status and fluid replacement needs of mountain bikers, MTB cyclists are cautioned
against the practice of over-hydrating. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 52-58
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-06-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/266
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i2a266
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 2 (2007); 52-58
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/266/204
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/267
2016-08-04T16:00:33Z
sajsm:ART
Incidence of non-traumatic anterior knee pain among 11 - 17-years-olds
Phillips, J
Coetsee, MF
Objective. To investigate the incidence of anterior knee pain, as well as the effect of sport participation, age of onset and gender differences on the condition.
Design. Questionnaires (N = 2 414), each containing 20 questions, were distributed to 10 - 17-year-old learners at 8 primary and 5 high schools in the Empangeni/Richards
Bay area. The return rate was 76%.
Results. Twenty-seven per cent of the respondents reported anterior knee pain. Of these, 21% experienced pain in the left knee only, 34% in the right knee only, and 45% in both knees. Furthermore, 31% had visited a medical doctor because of the knee pain, 82% reported that the pain interfered with their sport participation, and 37%
had visited a physiotherapist or biokineticist, of whom 43% reported that the intervention they received was successful.
Previously 37% of the subjects had taken medication for the condition. The highest incidence of anterior knee pain was reported for 12 and 13-year-old girls and 14 -
15-year-old boys, which correlates with the period of the adolescent growth spurt. The incidence of anterior knee pain was higher amongst those who participated in sport
more than 3 days per week and lower amongst those who participated less than 3 days per week or not at all.
Conclusions. Anterior knee pain is common amongst children between the ages of 10 and 17 years, with a peak during adolescence, especially among girls. Participation
in physical activity increases the likelihood of anterior knee pain. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 60-64
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-06-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/267
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i2a267
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 2 (2007); 60-64
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/267/205
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/268
2016-08-04T15:59:45Z
sajsm:ART
Prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among adolescent squash players in the Western Cape
Meyer, L
van Niekerk, L
Prinsloo, E
Steenkamp, M
Louw, Q
Objective. To determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among adolescent squash players in the Western Cape.
Design. A retrospective descriptive survey was conducted during the first week of May 2006. Three schools were randomly selected from a list of the top 10 schools in the
Western Cape high school squash league of 2005, with 106 squash players aged 13 - 18 years participating in the study.
Setting. Injury data were collected for 106 players at three schools randomly selected from a list of the top 10 schools in the Western Cape high school squash league of 2005.
Interventions. An adapted structured self-administered questionnaire based on a previously validated musculoskeletal injury questionnaire was used to collect the data.
Main outcome measures. The main variables investigated were prevalence, mechanism and injury site of musculoskeletal squash injuries.
Results. Twenty-nine per cent of the players (N = 31) reported that they had sustained a squash injury in the 4 weeks prior to data collection. A total of 48 injuries were
reported by the injured players. The most common injuries included those of the thigh (19%), shoulder (13%) and lower back (13%). Forty-two per cent of players reported
no specific mechanism of injury, but experienced pain not associated with a traumatic injury only while playing squash.
Conclusion. A relatively high prevalence of squash injuries was found. This preliminary study serves as a baseline for future research. Areas for further investigation were identified and this could lead to the implementation of preventive programmes and education to prevent injuries among adolescent squash players. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 3-8
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-03-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/268
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i1a268
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 1 (2007); 3-8
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/268/206
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/269
2016-08-04T15:59:50Z
sajsm:ART
The quadriceps angle and the incidence of knee injury in Indian long-distance runners
Puckree, T
Govender, A
Govender, K
Naidoo, P
Objective. To investigate the incidence of knee injuries in runners and to determine the proportion of injuries involving abnormal quadriceps (Q)-angles.
Design. One hundred male Indian runners between the ages of 25 and 65 years from 5 athletic clubs in Durban volunteered to participate in the study. The Q-angle was
measured using a goniometer. Other relevant information was obtained using a validated questionnaire. The data were analysed by comparing measured Q-angles with
‘normal' values of Q-angles obtained from the literature. A paired t-test at a probability of 0.05 was used.
Setting. Data were collected at club meetings. Main outcome measure. The primary outcome of the study was to determine the proportion of runners with abnormal Q-angles. Thereafter the rate of knee injuries in runners with abnormal Q-angles was determined.
Results. Data from 88 runners were usable. Fifty-one per cent of the runners sustained knee injuries. Fifty-eight per cent of the sample had abnormal Q-angles. Sixty-seven
per cent of the runners with abnormal Q-angles sustained knee injuries.
Conclusion. More runners with abnormal Q-angles sustained knee injuries. There is a need to determine reference values for Q-angles for the South African population,
the proportion of the population that present with abnormal Q-angles, and the reasons for this. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 9-11
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-03-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/269
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i1a269
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 1 (2007); 9-11
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/269/207
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/270
2016-08-04T15:59:55Z
sajsm:ART
The epidemiology of golfrelated injuries in Australian amateur golfers - a multivariate analysis
McHardy, A
Pollard, H
Lou, K
Objective. To perform an epidemiological study in order to determine the golf-related injury locations, injury rates and possible risk factors for golf injury in amateur golfers across Australia.
Method. A retrospective cross-sectional survey of Australian golf club members was used to collect data for the study. Chi-square testing was used to evaluate the association
between golf injury and each possible risk factor at univariate level. All the possible risk factors were further examined in multivariate analysis using logistical regression.
Results. There were 1 634 golfers included in the present study. Of these, 288 reported having had one or more golfrelated injuries in the previous year. The most common
injury location was the lower back (25.3%), followed by the elbow (15.3%) and shoulder (9.4%). The most common injury mechanism was poor technique in execution of
the golf swing (44.8%). Age, warm-up status, conditioning habits, wearing a golf glove/s and injury acquired in other sports / activities were significantly associated with risk of
golf injury (p < 0.05). Equipment use such as type of golf club shaft used, type of shoes used and other factors studied were not statistically significant.
Conclusion. The most injured sites identified in this study were the lower back, elbow and shoulder respectively. Risk of injury during golfing varied according to age group,
warm-up status, conditioning habits, whether the player wore a golf glove/s, and whether the golfer had been injured in other activities. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 12-19
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-03-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/270
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i1a270
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 1 (2007); 12-19
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/270/208
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/271
2016-08-04T16:00:00Z
sajsm:ART
Travel fatigue and home ground advantage in South African Super 12 rugby teams
du Preez, M
Lambert, MI
Objectives. Studies have shown the existence of a significant home ground advantage in a range of sports. The aim of this study was to determine whether home performances of the South African teams during the 1996 - 2005 seasons were different before touring to Australia and New Zealand, compared with the home matches played after the 4 - 5-week tour. The question was relevant because this competition places unusual demands on the players. For example, the duration of the tournament is 12 weeks, during which time the South African teams travel across 37.3 ± 2.5 time zones as they play 11 matches. Therefore, any home ground advantage may be negated by travel fatigue. Outcome measures. The mean points difference was calculated for home fixtures for four South African teams both prior to and following touring during the competitions from 1996 to 2005. Play‑off matches were excluded from analysis. Performance was defined as a positive points difference (points difference = points ‘for' minus points ‘against').
Results. The first finding of the study was that a home ground advantage did indeed exist for all the teams during the tournament (points difference of 6.6 ± 17.4 (N =
664 matches) home vs. -6.8 ± 17.3 points away (N = 656 matches) (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the mean ‘home' points difference for all the South African rugby teams either before (1.9 points, N = 96 matches) or after (2.3 points, N = 107 matches) touring overseas in the Super 12 competition. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 20-22
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-03-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/271
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i1a271
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 1 (2007); 20-22
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/271/209
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/272
2016-08-04T16:00:04Z
sajsm:ART
Ultrasound study of the asymptomatic shoulder in patients with a confirmed rotator cuff tear in the opposite shoulder
Oschman, Z
Janse van Rensburg, C
Maritz, NGJ
Borain, H
Owen, R
Objective. To document the incidence of asymptomatic rotator cuff tears in patients with a confirmed symptomatic tear in the opposite shoulder, and to identify ultrasound findings that may distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic tears.
Design. When patients are referred for an ultrasound examination for the confirmation of symptomatic rotator cuff tear the opposite shoulder is often used for comparison.
However, patients often have a similar tear on the asymptomatic side. Fifty patients with a confirmed symptomatic rotator cuff tear and an asymptomatic shoulder on the opposite
side were chosen for inclusion. The patients were examined using a Siemens Sonoline Elegra 7.5 MHz linear multi-frequency probe. The appearance of the rotator cuff,
long head of the biceps and the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa (SASD bursa) were documented. The antero-posterior (AP) dimension of the supraspinatus muscle and fat
between the trapezius and supraspinatus muscles were measured, which indicated if a tear was acute or chronic. The width and length of the rotator cuff tear were measured.
Setting. Division of Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria. Results. Fifty-four per cent of the asymptomatic shoulders had tears. We found that the symptomatic tears were
larger, appeared more chronic and had an associated biceps tendinopathy and glenohumeral joint effusion. Conclusion. As other authors have found, the high incidence
of asymptomatic tears indicates that rotator cuff tears can be regarded as a natural correlate of aging and that bilateral tears are common. Initial treatment should be
conservative, but larger tears may benefit from early surgery before becoming chronic and causing glenohumeral dysfunction. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 23-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2007-03-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/272
10.17159/2078-516X/2007/v19i1a272
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 19 No. 1 (2007); 23-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/272/210
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/273
2016-08-04T16:03:53Z
sajsm:ART
Autonomic response to exercise as measured by cardiovascular variability
Grant, CC
Ker, JA
Motivation. There is growing interest in the use of cardiovascular variability indicators as measures of autonomic activity, even though reported results are not always comparable or as expected. This review aims to determine the consistency of results
reported on the autonomic response to physical exercise as measured by heart rate variability, blood pressure variability and baroreceptor sensitivity.
Method. An Ovid MEDLINE Database search for the period 1950 - March 2008 produced 46 articles for review. The published articles that evaluate the effect of exercise on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are summarised in three categories: the response
of the ANS during a bout of exercise, directly after exercise (recovery measurements), and after a long-term exercise programme.
Results. Articles on the effect of training on the ANS as measured by cardiovascular variability indicators show increased variability, decreased variability, and no change in variability.
Conclusion. Findings in this review emphasise that standardisation and refinement of these measuring tools are essential to produce results that can be repeated and used as reference. Standardisation is essential as these measurements are increasingly
employed in studies regarding investigations of central autonomic regulation, those exploring the link between psychological pro cesses and physiological functioning, and those indicating ANS activity in response to exercise, training and overtraining. This
review shows that important aspects are inter-individual differences, duration and intensity of the exercise programme, and choice and specific implementation of variability analysis techniques. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (4) 2008: pp. 102-108
South African Sports Medicine Association
2008-12-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/273
10.17159/2078-516X/2008/v20i4a273
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 20 No. 4 (2008); 102-108
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/273/211
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/274
2016-08-04T16:04:00Z
sajsm:ART
Accelerated hydrotherapy and land-based rehabilitation in soccer players after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a series of three single subject case studies
Momberg, B-L
Louw, C
Crous, L
Objective. To investigate the effectiveness of accelerated rehabilitation and accelerated hydrotherapy after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in male athletes participating in soccer.
Design. A non-concurrent single subject, multiple baseline design (ABA design) was conducted over 10 weeks. A series of three N=1 studies was conducted to assess the effect of an accelerated hydrotherapy programme on pain, function, and range of motion.
Setting. The study was conducted at a private physiotherapy practice in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Interventions. The land rehabilitation programme was a homebased programme supervised every week by the physiotherapist. The accelerated hydrotherapy consisted of a 6-week programme, and participants attended two treatment sessions of accelerated
hydrotherapy per week each of 30 minutes\' duration. Main outcome measures. The knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome scale (KOOS) as a subjective measure of pain, function
and quality of life; the goniometer to measure active knee ROM and the 6-minute walking test (6MWT) as an objective measure of function.
Results. All three patients demonstrated good improvement during the treatment phase for the KOOS scale and progressed well in terms of their walking ability during the study. Significant improvement was gained during the baseline phase for all three participants
with high initial levels of knee flexion while active knee extension improved gradually in all three participants. Conclusion. The study findings indicate that an accelerated landbased
and hydrotherapy programme may be useful in improving patient outcomes and that there are no risks for harm. Clinical relevance. The study findings indicate that accelerated
hydrotherapy may be a useful and safe adjunct to an accelerated land-based programme after ACL reconstruction South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (4) 2008: pp. 109-114
South African Sports Medicine Association
2008-12-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/274
10.17159/2078-516X/2008/v20i4a274
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 20 No. 4 (2008); 109-114
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/274/212
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/275
2016-08-04T16:04:06Z
sajsm:ART
Cricket: Nature and incidence of fast-bowling injuries at an elite, junior level and associated risk factors
Davies, R
du Randt, R
Venter, D
Stretch, R
Objective. To compile an injury profile of 46 fast bowlers aged 11 - 18 years, and to identify the associated risk factors for injury during one academy cricket season.
Methods. The fast bowlers selected were tested and observed for one academy cricket season (March - November). Subjects were grouped into injury classifications (uninjured=S1; injured but able to play=S2; injured and unable to play=S3). Anthropometrical and postural data for the subjects were collected preseason
(T1). Physical fitness screenings were conducted and the relationship between fitness and occurrence of injuries was assessed. Additional factors such as bowling techniques and
bowling workload were assessed. A regression analysis was conducted to analyse the relationship between bowling workload and weeks incapacitated.
Results. Fifteen per cent of the subjects remained injury free for the duration of the season. The incidence of serious injury (S3) showed a statistical and moderate, practical significant increase (V=0.23, df≥2) throughout the data collection period (4% at T1 - 30% at T3 (post-season)). The most common injuries were to the knee (41%) and lower back (37%), occurring from mid-season (T2) to T3. The nature of the injuries was predominantly strains
(39%) and ‘other' (39%), with the highest reported incidence during the period T1 - T3. Sprains followed, with an overall incidence of 14%. Subjects were incapacitated approximately 1 out of every 7 weeks of play. The S1 and S2 bowlers performed consistently
better than the S3 bowlers in all the fitness variables tested. Bowling workload presented a statistically significant (p
South African Sports Medicine Association
2008-12-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/275
10.17159/2078-516X/2008/v20i4a275
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 20 No. 4 (2008); 115-118
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/275/213
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/276
2016-08-04T16:04:12Z
sajsm:ART
Valgus extension overload syndrome of the elbow in a test cricket fast bowler
Dhillon, MS
Prasad, P
Goel, A
Dhillon, HS
No Abstract South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (4) 2008: pp. 119-120
South African Sports Medicine Association
2008-12-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/276
10.17159/2078-516X/2008/v20i4a276
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 20 No. 4 (2008); 119-120
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/276/214
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/277
2016-08-04T16:03:14Z
sajsm:ART
Profile of medical and injury consultations of Team South Africa during the XXVIIIth Olympiad, Athens 2004
Derman, WE
Objective. This descriptive study was undertaken to document the nature of medical and injury consultations of the athletes and officials of the South African Team at the 2004 Olympic Games, and to provide data for planning future events.
Setting. South African medical facility, 2004 Olympic Games, Athens, Greece.
Methods. Total number of consultations and diagnoses were ascertained from medical logs and patient files which were completed daily by the members of the medical team. A retrospective clinical audit of medical records was then undertaken and the data were then compared with similar data collected during the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Acute and chronic-soft tissue (muscle strain, ligament sprain, tendon injury, contusion or laceration)
and bony injury were analysed in terms of nature of injury, grading of severity and anatomical region injured. Main outcome measures. Number of consultations due to medical
complaints or injuries among athletes and officials.
Results. A total of 180 medical consultations were logged during the time in Athens while 348 consultations were logged in Sydney. The daily consultation rate was 6 per day in Athens compared with 13 per day in Sydney. In Athens, 84% of consultations were with athletes and the remainder (16%) with officials – this was similar to Sydney. The most common medical complaints in Athens were dermatological (16%), ENT (13%), and respiratory (8%) in nature, which contrasts with the profile of consultations in Sydney (ENT 18%; neurological system 16% and respiratory 16%). Acute injury and chronic injury accounted for 26% and 14% of consultations respectively. In Athens, the most common acute and chronic injuries were soft-tissue injuries. The most common acute injury regions were the foot and ankle (25%), upper leg (17%) and knee (17%). A total 77% of acute injuries were grade I, 17% grade II and 6% grade III in severity. The most common
chronic injury regions were foot and ankle (32%), lumbar spine (32%), and shoulder (11%). These injury profiles were similar to those documented in Sydney 2000.
Conclusions. Injury and illness complaints of the South African team were fewer in Athens 2004 compared with those documented during Sydney 2000. This can be attributed to local environmental conditions and travel across time zones. These data should be useful for planning medical services for future multicoded events. The analysis of the nature of consultations suggests that it should be a prerequisite for physicians travelling
with a multi-coded events team to have broad knowledge of both medical and injury management of athletes. Specifically, a sound knowledge of the management of soft-tissue injury is an important prerequisite for the personnel of the medical team. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (3) 2008: pp. 72-76
South African Sports Medicine Association
2008-10-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/277
10.17159/2078-516X/2008/v20i3a277
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 20 No. 3 (2008); 72-76
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/277/215
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/278
2016-08-04T16:03:20Z
sajsm:ART
Medication use by Team South Africa during the XXVIIIth Olympiad: A model for quantity estimation for multi-coded team events
Derman, WE
Objective. This descriptive study was undertaken to report the medications used by the athletes and officials of Team South Africa at the 2004 Olympic Games and to provide a model for the estimation of quantities to be used for planning support to future events.
Setting. South African medical facility, 2004 Olympic Games, Athens, Greece.
Methods. The names of the medications, including the dosage and quantity of medications dispensed, were recorded in the pharmacy stock control book at the South African medical facility, 2004 Olympic Games, Athens, Greece. Retrospective review of patient files and medical encounter forms was also undertaken to check against the pharmacy stock control book to ensure complete data capture of dispensed medications.
Main outcome measures. Quantities of medications consumed during the observation period. The units of medication consumed per travelling team member were calculated by dividing the number of units (tablets, capsules, tubes, inhalers, bottles and ampoules)
used during the trip by the total number of travelling team members.
Results. Complete records of medications included in the travelling pharmacy are described. Quantities of medications included ranged from single units to 2 250 units and percentage use of various medications varied from 0% to 100% of stocks. Units per team member ranged from 0 to 9.43. Medications were consumed from all categories of agents. The most utilised agents included the analgesics, musculoskeletal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
agents as well as certain vitamin and mineral supplements.
Conclusions. This study describes the consumption of pharmacological agents by the athletes and officials of Team South Africa during the Athens 2004 Olympic Games. It also provides a model to assist with the estimation of quantities of medications to be
included in the travelling pharmacy for future international multicoded sports events. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (3) 2008: pp. 78-84
South African Sports Medicine Association
2008-10-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/278
10.17159/2078-516X/2008/v20i3a278
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 20 No. 3 (2008); 78-84
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/278/216
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/279
2016-08-04T16:03:28Z
sajsm:ART
Effects of timing of pre-exercise nutrient intake on glucose responses and intermittent cycling performance
Pritchett, K
Bishop, P
Pritchett, R
Kovacs, M
Davis, JK
Casaru, C
Green, M
Objective. To evaluate the effects of two different pre-exercise feeding schedules (15 minutes and 60 minutes prior to exercise) of a mixed-nutrient nutritional bar on blood glucose levels and subsequent intermittent, high-intensity cycling performance.
Methods. Ten moderately trained athletes participated in this counterbalanced, crossover, repeated measures study. Participants completed a 50-minute counterbalanced treatment intermittent exercise protocol. During one trial, participants consumed 400 ml water and a nutritional bar 15 minutes before the exercise session (15MPE). During another trial, participants consumed 400 ml water and a nutritional bar 60 minutes before the exercise
session (60MPE). During a control trial (CON) participants consumed 400 ml water.
Results. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose response at rest or during exercise among the three treatments (CON, 15MPE and 60MPE). There were no significant differences in mean power (MP) between the three trials.
Conclusions. Pre-exercise nutrient feedings at 15 minutes or 60 minutes before exercise did not affect intermittent cycling performance or blood glucose concentration. These results suggest that the time of ingestion, within 1 hour prior to exercise, of a complex carbohydrate similar in composition and volume used in this study does not impact on performance. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (3) 2008: pp. 86-90
South African Sports Medicine Association
2008-10-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/279
10.17159/2078-516X/2008/v20i3a279
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 20 No. 3 (2008); 86-90
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/279/217
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/280
2016-08-04T16:03:34Z
sajsm:ART
Locomotor training as part of a rehabilitation programme for patients with spinal cord injury - a case study
Parr, BM
Gamieldien, R
Davies, SEH
No Abstract South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (3) 2008: pp. 91-92
South African Sports Medicine Association
2008-10-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/280
10.17159/2078-516X/2008/v20i3a280
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 20 No. 3 (2008); 91-92
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/280/218
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/281
2020-02-13T12:21:44Z
sajsm:ART
Energy expenditure in office workers with identified health risks
Coopoo, Y
Constantinou, D
Rothberg, AD
Objective. To measure the daily energy expenditure in employees previously identified as having ≥2 risk factors for chronic disease, and to identify potential risk-reducing interventions for implementation within or outside the workplace.
Design. A total of 122 employees with ≥2 risk factors for chronic disease identified in an in-house screening programme were invited to participate in a 6-month health management programme. Physical assessments included anthropometric measurements,
blood pressure, blood glucose and cholesterol estimations, and bicycle ergometry. Participants were invited to wear a ‘metabolic armband' (Body Media SenseWear Pro Armband®) for 6 days. Metabolic measures included active and total energy expenditure (AEE, TEE), and daily MET levels (metabolic equivalents expressed as kcal/kg/hour). Differences were explored between genders, and relationships sought between energy expenditure, lifestyle and anthropometric data.
Setting. A corporate working environment. All measures and assessments were carried out in the in-house fitness facility.
Interventions. The health management programme involved physical assessments and personalised weight and activity management plans.
Main outcome measures. TEE per day, duration and quantification of physical activity, METS, AEE, number of steps per day and body position recording. Relationships were explored between the latter and anthropometric measures such as body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat.
Result. Altogether 53 (43%) of the eligible subjects volunteered for the 6-month programme and 49 enrolled for the metabolic armband study. The males were more active than the females, but both had BMI and body fat estimates that categorised them as overweight to obese. METS and AEE were positively correlated with duration of exercise rather than intensity, and negatively correlated with BMI. In a stepwise regression analysis for the
total group 77% of the variance in MET levels was accounted for by per cent body fat and steps per day. Multivariate analysis by gender (with per cent body fat as the dependent variable) suggested that males would have to increase the duration of vigorous exercise in order to reduce body fat, while females would benefit from sitting less, sleeping more, and increasing the duration of moderate exercise.
Conclusion and clinical relevance. In a self-selected sample involving motivated individuals, the SenseWear® armband provided information that would be useful in directing further research in women, focusing on sleeping pattern and moderately increasing activity levels. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (2) 2008: pp. 40-43
South African Sports Medicine Association
2017-04-25
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/281
10.17159/2078-516X/2008/v20i2a281
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 20 No. 2 (2008); 40-43
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/281/219
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
d158a40dd0eb27599937eeec31713833