2024-03-29T10:19:01Z
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/oai
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/97
2017-01-24T12:08:29Z
sajsm:COV
Cover
Nye, Ingrid
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/97
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014)
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/97/70
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/98
2017-01-24T12:08:49Z
sajsm:CON
Contents
Nye, Ingrid
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/98
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 65
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/98/71
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/99
2017-01-24T12:09:13Z
sajsm:Ed
Healthy Active Kids South Africa: How do we score?
Lambert, Mike
-
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/99
10.7196/SAJSM.575
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 67
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/99/72
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/100
2017-01-24T12:09:38Z
sajsm:ART
Radiological changes among artistic gymnasts in Gauteng Province
Geldenhuys-Koolen, Adele
Constantinou, Demitri
Coopoo, Yoga
Gymnastics
Sport
Spondylolysis
Spondylolisthesis
Sport
Orthopedics
Exercise
Physiotherapy
Background. The skeletal immaturity of competitive female gymnasts allows for a unique physiological predisposition to injuries as a result of the spine, limbs, ankles and wrists still growing. Studies have shown that lower back (spinal) injuries account for approximately 12% of injuries in female gymnasts.Objectives. The primary objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of radiological changes in female artistic gymnasts in South Africa. A further objective was to determine whether these radiological changes were associated with symptoms and with the amount of time spent training.Methods. A sample of 40 female artistic gymnasts with a mean of age 15.2 years (range 10 - 31) was included in the study. Thirty-one were active gymnasts and nine were retired at the time of the current study. Measuring instruments included questionnaires and X-rays.Results. X-ray analysis of symptomatic versus asymptomatic gymnasts showed no significant differences. Of the 18 gymnasts training <25 h/week, 13 (72%) had degenerative changes detectable by X-ray. Of the 22 gymnasts training >25 h/week, 15 (68%) had degenerative changes detected by X-ray. Radiological changes were higher than those in other studies.Conclusion. The prevalence of radiological changes was higher than international norms, however there was little difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic gymnasts. Patient self-reports of symptoms had little value in diagnosing change in the lumbar spine. Training duration affected the prevalence of changes in the lumbar spine and could be related to conditioning and experience.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/100
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 69-72
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/100/73
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/101
2017-06-21T09:17:23Z
sajsm:ART
Comparison of the effect of semi-rigid ankle bracing on performance among injured v. non-injured adolescent female hockey players
Ellapen, Terry Jeremy
Acampora, N
Dawson, S
Arling, J
van Niekerk, C
van Heerden, H J
Epidemiology
Hockey
Proprioception
Ankle
Bracing
Sport
Objective. To determine the comparative proprioceptive performance of injured v. non-injured adolescent female hockey players wearing an ankle brace.Methods. Data were collected from 100 high school players who belonged to the Highway Secondary School Hockey League, KwaZulu-Natal, via voluntary parental informed consent and player assent. Players completed an injury questionnaire probing the prevalence and nature of hockey injuries (March - August 2013). Subsequently, players completed a Biodex proprioceptive test with and without an ankle brace. Probability was set at p≤0.05.Results. Twenty-two players sustained ankle injuries within the 6-month study period (p<0.001). Injured players performed similarly without bracing (right anterior posterior index (RAPI) 2.8 (standard deviation (SD) 0.9); right medial lateral index (RMLI) 1.9 (0.7); left anterior posterior index (LAPI) 2.7 (0.9); left medial lateral index (LMLI) 1.7 (0.6)) compared with bracing (RAPI 2.7 (1.4); RMLI 1.8 (0.6); LAPI 2.6 (1.0); LMLI 1.5 (0.6)) (p>0.05). However, bracing improved the ankle stability of the non-injured group (RAPI 2.2 (0.8); RMLI 1.5 (0.5); LAPI 2.4 (0.9); RMLI 1.5 (0.5)) compared with their performance without a brace (RAPI 2.5 (1.0); RMLI 1.8 (0.8); LAPI 2.8 (1.1); LMLI 1.8 (0.6)) (p<0.05).Conclusion. Ankle bracing did not enhance the stability of injured ankles. However, ankle bracing has an ergogenic effect that enhances the stability of healthy ankles.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
Epidemiology
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/101
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 73-76
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/101/74
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/102
2017-06-21T09:19:01Z
sajsm:ART
Steps that count: Pedometer-measured physical activity, self-reported physical activity and current physical guidelines ‒ how do they relate?
Pillay, Julian David
Kolbe-Alexander, Tracy L
Proper, Karin I
Tomaz, Simone A
van Mechelen, Willem
Lambert, Estelle V
Pedometer
Self-perceived
Aerobic
Physical activity
Background. The association between self-perceived and actual physical activity, with particular reference to physical activity guidelines, may be an important factor in determining the extent of uptake of and compliance with physical activity.Objectives. To examine the association between self-perceived and actual physical activity in relation to physical activity guidelines, with reference to volume, intensity and duration of steps/day, and to establish the level of agreement between pedometer-measured and selfreported ambulatory physical activity, in relation to current guidelines.Methods. A convenience sample of adults (N=312; mean (standard deviation) age 37 (9) years), wore a pedometer (minimum 3 consecutive days) and completed a questionnaire that included information on physical activity patterns. Analyses of covariance, adjusted for age and gender, compared volume- and intensity-based steps according to meeting/not meeting guidelines (self-reported). The extent of agreement between self-reported and pedometer-measured physical activity was also determined.Results. Average (SD) steps/day were 6 574 (3 541). Of a total of 312 participants’ self-reported data, those meeting guidelines (n=63) accumulated significantly more steps/day than those not meeting guidelines (8 753 (4 251) v. 6 022 (3 114) total steps/day and 1 772 (2 020) v. 421 (1 140) aerobic steps/day, respectively; p<0.0001). More than half of the group who self-reported meeting the guidelines did not meet guidelines as per pedometer data.Conclusion. The use of pedometers as an alternative and/or adjunct to self-reported measures is an area for consideration. Steps/day recommendations that consider intensity-based steps may provide significant effects in improving fitness and health.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
Cross-sectional study
application/pdf
application/msword
application/msword
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/102
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 77-81
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/102/75
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/102/4255
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/102/4256
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/103
2017-06-21T09:21:17Z
sajsm:ART
Doping in sport: Attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of competitive high school athletes in Gauteng Province
Nolte, Kim
Steyn, B J M
Krüger, P E
Fletcher, L
Doping
Anti-doping
Attitudes
Athletes
Sport
Doping
Objective. To determine the attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of talented young athletes residing in Gauteng regarding prohibited performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) and anti-doping rules and regulations.Methods. This was a survey study using a quantitative research approach. South African TuksSport academy athletes at the High Performance Centre, University of Pretoria, and competitive high-school athletes at four private high schools in Gauteng completed the survey. A selfdetermined, structured questionnaire was used to establish the attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of the athletes.Results. A total of 346 (208 males, 138 females) athletes, mean (standard deviation) age 16.9 (1.4) years participated in the survey. According to this survey, 3.9% of the athletes in this survey admitted to using a prohibited PED and more than 14.0% of the athletes said they would consider using a prohibited PED if they knew they would not get caught. Ambition (46.0%) and emotional pressure (22.5%) were the primary reasons why the athletes would consider using prohibited PEDs. Even though coaches appeared to be one of the main sources of information (on PEDs and anti-doping rules), only 42.1% of the athletes felt that they were well informed.Conclusion. Controlling doping by means of testing is important. However, it may be necessary to put more emphasis on changing attitudes towards doping and implementing additional educational programmes.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
Survey
application/pdf
application/zip
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/103
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 81-86
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/103/76
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/103/4257
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/104
2017-06-21T09:23:14Z
sajsm:IN+R
Dietary supplements containing prohibited substances: A review (Part 2)
van der Bijl, Pieter
Sport
The role of prohormones, ‘classic’ and ‘designer’ steroids, clenbuterol, peptide hormones and newer molecules causing concern in dietary supplements is discussed. Apart from their potential adverse effects on athletes’ health, their non-achievement of increased strength and muscle size, trace quantities present in contaminated dietary supplements can lead to failed doping tests. The methodologies used for the identification and determination of prohibited substances in very low concentrations, mainly liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, are also addressed. Of concern is the anticipation that the number of dietary supplements containing (not yet) prohibited designer steroids and other performance-enhancing newer chemical entities will increase. Athletes, coaches and sports doctors should therefore be provided with information regarding dietary supplements and be advised to minimise risks for non-intentional ingestion of forbidden substances by using safe products listed on databases, such as those obtainable in The Netherlands and Germany.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/104
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 87-90
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/104/77
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/105
2017-06-21T09:25:26Z
sajsm:Com
Abrasion injuries on artificial turf: A real risk or not?
Twomey, Dara M
Petrass, Lauren A
Fleming, Paul R
Abrasion injury
Injury prevention
Sport
Synthetic turf
Sport
Injury prevention
Abrasion injuries result in damage only to the surface layer of skin and can result in player discomfort and changes in performance. The perceived fear of abrasion injuries on artificial turf playing surfaces has significantly affected the adoption of these surfaces, particularly in sports that involve frequent player-surface interactions. The underreporting of abrasion injuries due to how time-loss injuries are defined and the lack of validity of the current abrasion measurement device highlight the need for more research to understand fully the incidence and nature of abrasions on artificial turf playing surfaces and the effect of these injuries on playing behaviour. Improved reporting of abrasion injuries and a more biofidelic test device could assist in both the development of abrasion-related injury prevention strategies and in dispelling players’ negative perceptions of abrasions on artificial turf.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
Commentary
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/105
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 91-92
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/105/78
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/106
2017-06-21T09:26:39Z
sajsm:CS
A case of cyclist’s nodule in a female patient
Makhanya, Nonjabulo Ziphano
Velleman, Mark
Suleman, Farhana Ebrahim
Cyclist's nodule
Biker's nodule
Female
MRI
Ultrasound
Radiology
Sport
There are few reported cases of cyclist’s nodule in females. The condition has thus lent itself to synonyms such as third, supernumerary or accessory testicle. We report the imaging findings of a perineal nodule in a 29-year-old female patient who is a known cyclist, and discuss the differential diagnosis.
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
Case study
application/pdf
application/msword
image/tiff
image/x-ms-bmp
image/x-ms-bmp
application/msword
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/106
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 93-94
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/106/79
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/106/4258
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/106/4259
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/106/4260
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/106/4261
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/106/4262
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/107
2017-06-21T09:28:31Z
sajsm:CPD
CPD Questionnaire
Lambert, Mike
CPD Questionnaire
South African Sports Medicine Association
2014-10-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/107
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 96
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/107/80
Copyright (c) 2014 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/108
2015-11-16T16:36:12Z
sajsm:COV
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/109
2015-11-16T16:36:12Z
sajsm:CON
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/110
2015-11-16T16:36:13Z
sajsm:Ed
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/114
2015-11-16T16:36:13Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/115
2015-11-16T16:36:06Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/116
2015-11-16T16:36:06Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/117
2015-11-16T16:36:14Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/118
2015-11-16T16:36:06Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/119
2015-11-16T16:36:14Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/120
2015-11-16T16:36:07Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/121
2015-11-16T16:36:14Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/122
2021-10-11T06:30:35Z
sajsm:IN+R
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/123
2021-10-11T06:32:08Z
sajsm:IN+R
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/124
2021-10-11T06:33:37Z
sajsm:CS
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/125
2021-10-11T06:33:07Z
sajsm:CS
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/126
2021-10-11T06:35:04Z
sajsm:CPD
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/127
2021-10-11T06:35:33Z
sajsm:CPD
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/128
2015-11-16T16:50:20Z
sajsm:COV
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/129
2015-11-16T16:50:20Z
sajsm:CON
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/130
2015-11-16T16:50:21Z
sajsm:Ed
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/131
2015-11-16T16:50:21Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/132
2015-11-16T16:50:21Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/133
2015-11-16T16:50:21Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/173
2018-09-06T06:18:02Z
sajsm:ART
Augmentation of the acute phase response in vitamin C-supplemented ultramarathoners
Peters, EM
Anderson, R
Nieman, DC
Objective. To investigate the effects of vitamin C (VC) supplementation on the alterations in systemic markers of inflammation as a result of participation in a 90 km down run from Pietermaritzburg to Durban in 29 subjects who completed the 1999 Comrades Marathon.
Interventions. Runners were divided into groups receiving 500 mg/day VC (VC500; N = 10), 1 500 mg/day VC (VC1500; N = 12) or placebo (P, N = 7) for 7 days before the race, on the day of the race, and for 2 days following completion.
Main outcome measures. Each subject recorded dietary intake before, during and after the race and provided 35 ml blood samples 15 - 18 hours before the race, immediately post race, 24 hours post race and 48 hours post race. These were analysed for full blood count, vitamins A, C and E, glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), amyloid A, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations. All post race concentrations were adjusted for plasma volume changes.
Results. Analyses of dietary intakes and blood glucose and anti-oxidant status on the day preceding the race and the day of the race excluded carbohydrate intake or plasma vitamins E and A as significant confounders in the study. Mean pre-race concentrations of serum vitamin C in VC500 and VC1500 groups (128 – 10.2 and 153 – 10.2 mol/l) were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than in the P group (83 – 10.8 mol/l) and confirmed the additional dietary VC intake of both groups. Serum CRP concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the VC500 group than in the VC1500 and P groups. This finding was supported by similar trends in serum amyloid A, plasma IL-6 and IL-8. When the data from the two VC groups were pooled and the vitamin intake in the placebo (N = 7) and VC (N = 22) groups compared, CRP concentrations in the VC groups were significantly higher at each of the post-race time points (p < 0.05).
Conclusion. These data confirm previous findings of a trend towards an enhanced pro-inflammatory response following VC intake ≥500 mg per day.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 4-10
South African Sports Medicine Association
2005-06-24
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/173
10.17159/2078-516X/2005/v17i1a173
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2005); 4-10
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/173/111
Copyright (c) 2005 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/174
2018-09-06T06:18:02Z
sajsm:ART
Attitudes towards the risk of HIV transmission in sport
Reddy, S
Coopoo, Y
Objective. There is a real risk of transmitting HIV through open wounds during participation in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate athlete s knowledge and attitudes towards HIV transmission in a competitive sport environment how their sporting codes, demographics, knowledge and interaction with colleagues influenced their attitudes.
Design. A questionnaire was administered to elite athletes (N = 575) competing in 11 sport codes including high, medium and low-risk sports, and undergraduate students (N = 46) from a Sport Science Department. Athletes from all economic backgrounds, who competed at national, provincial or at first-division level, were included in this study. The questionnaire was distributed during national tournaments and training sessions.
Results. Sixty-three per cent of athletes believed that a risk of HIV transmission exists in sport participation. Fiftyeight per cent believed that they had a right to know if a teammate/opponent was HIV-positive, and 62% believed that all athletes should be tested for HIV. Fifty per cent of the respondents indicated that they would participate against individuals who were HIV-positive. Most athletes (88%) believed that more education on HIV transmission in sport was needed and 58% felt that HIV should be a notifiable disease in sport. Forty-six per cent of the athletes indicated that they would participate in competition even though they were HIV-positive.
Conclusion. The threat of infection or transmission did not deter athletes who were afflicted or unafflicted with HIV from participating in competitive sports.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 11-18
South African Sports Medicine Association
2005-06-24
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/174
10.17159/2078-516X/2005/v17i1a174
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2005); 11-18
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/174/112
Copyright (c) 2005 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/175
2018-09-06T06:18:02Z
sajsm:ART
Isokinetic neck strength norms for schoolboy rugby forwards
du Toit, DE
Olivier, P
Grenfell, L
Eksteen, B
Objective. To generate isokinetic neck strength norms for schoolboy rugby forwards.
Design. Two hundred and eight schoolboys (17.21 – 1.03 years, mean – standard error of the mean (SEM), chosen from a population of under-19 first and second XV rugby players, participated in this study. The subjects were assessed anthropometrically and isokinetically according to a set protocol. The isokinetic assessment of neck strength was performed with the use of a specially designed stabilising chair and halo. The subjects performed a single maximal exertion set, consisting of 3 repetitions, through each of the cervical spinal movements in the sagittal and frontal planes. The data were analysed statistically according to positional categories (front-, second-, and back-row forwards), and were used to generate Stanine tables of normative data concerning the force characteristics of the cervical spine.
Results. The front-row forwards produced the largest amounts of force during the measurement of peak torque flexion (PTF = 30.00 – 1.39 Nm) and peak torque extension (PTE = 55.26 – 1.42 Nm). Conversely, the second-row forwards performed the best during the measurement of lateral flexion peak torque to the right (PTR = 53.71 – 1.51 Nm) and lateral flexion peak torque to the left (PTL = 52.92 – 1.63 Nm) in the frontal plane. The front-row forwards were the most powerful in all the neck movements measured (power generated at 0.2 seconds during flexion (PowF) = 101.54 – 6.43 W, power generated at 0.2 s during extension (PowE) = 167.31 – 8.03 W, power generated at 0.2 s during lateral flexion to the right (PowR) = 211.92 – 7.44 W, and power generated at 0.2 s during lateral flexion to the left (PowL) = 194.81 – 7.73 W). However, further analysis of the data revealed that few statistically significant differences (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) existed between the positional categories for the measured variables of peak torque, power generated at 0.2 of a second, peak torque to body mass ratio and cervical range of motion.
Conclusion. It appears that the various positional categories have not undergone the expected neck strength adaptations to meet the unique requirements of each position. The generation of neck strength normative data allows for the effective and quantified comparison of neck strength variables, enabling more effective injury prevention and rehabilitation.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 19-26
South African Sports Medicine Association
2005-06-24
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/175
10.17159/2078-516X/2005/v17i1a175
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2005); 19-26
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/175/113
Copyright (c) 2005 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/176
2018-09-06T06:18:02Z
sajsm:ART
Case Report: Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament of the shoulder
de Villiers, RVP
de Beer, JF
van Rooyen, K
Huijsmans, PE
Roberts, CP
du Toit, DF
A 24-year-old rugby player presented to an orthopaedic surgeon with a history of dislocation of the left shoulder. It reduced spontaneously and dislocated again later during the same match.
On examination there was no residual instability, but the apprehension test for anterior instability was positive. Speed s test as well as O Brien s test for SLAP (Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior tear) lesions were negative. There were no signs of rotator cuff tear or impingement.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 27-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2005-06-24
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/176
10.17159/2078-516X/2005/v17i1a176
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2005); 27-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/176/114
Copyright (c) 2005 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/177
2018-09-06T06:18:02Z
sajsm:ART
Short Report: New use of current technology to measure rectal temperature and heart rate during endurance exerciseToEd
Dugas, JP
Burger, B
Noakes, TD
The technology necessary to log data remotely and independently has been available for some years. This technology has been applied mostly to environmental and natural sciences, however, and not in life sciences. This was due primarily to the cost of the technology and the small demand for it in the life sciences, especially in studies of exercise physiology. Our recent collaboration with a local technology company (SyGade Solutions (Pty) Ltd., Johannesburg) has resulted in the use of miniature data loggers to record rectal temperature, heart rate (HR), and altitude during road and cycle racing. This technology has the potential to measure these variables simultaneously and in a free-living situation and will therefore contribute to more innovative research. South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 29-30
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-01-01
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/177
10.17159/2078-516X/2005/v17i1a177
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2005); 29-30
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/177/115
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/178
2021-10-11T06:39:33Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/179
2016-08-04T15:56:10Z
sajsm:ART
Editorial: Administration in sport — a much needed kick-start?
Lambert, Mike
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 1
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/179
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a179
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 1-1
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/179/117
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/180
2017-05-17T14:49:59Z
sajsm:ART
Inadvertent doping through nutritional supplements is a reality
van der Merwe, PJ
Grobbelaar, E
Objective. Inadvertent doping through the use of nutritional supplements is a potentially important cause of the increase in positive drug tests involving high-profile Olympic athletes. The aim of this study was to screen over-the-counter nutritional supplements for the presence of steroid or stimulant compounds banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Method. Thirty different nutritional supplements from 14 different manufacturers were bought at shops in Bloemfontein, South Africa and analysed for testosterone and nandrolone prohormones, various ephedrines and caffeine. Results. Eighteen (60%) of the 30 supplements contained no prohibited substances. Of the 12 (40%) positive supplements, 8 (66.7%) contained prohormones and 4 (33.3%) contained stimulants. Six supplements contained prohormones, which were listed on the labels, while 2 contained prohormones not listed on the labels. The stimulants were listed on the labels as Ma Huang, Guarana and Kola extracts and all contained a mixture of ephedrines and caffeine. Conclusion. The results showed that approximately 7% of supplements tested may be mislabelled or contaminated with banned substances and that inadvertent doping through nutritional supplement use is a reality for athletes. The sporting community should therefore be aware that supplements might contain anabolic androgenic steroids and stimulants that are not declared on the labels. SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 3-7
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/180
10.17159/2078-516x/2004/V16i2A180
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 3-7
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/180/118
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/181
2016-08-04T15:56:15Z
sajsm:ART
Age-related decrements in cycling and running performance
Gibson, A St Clair
Lambert, Ni
Noakes, TD
Objective. This study examined age-related decrements in athletic performance during running and cycling activities.
Design. The age group winning times for males aged between 18 and 70 years competing in the 1999 Argus cycle tour (103 km) and 1999 Comrades running marathon (90 km), South Africa's premier endurance cycling and running events respectively, were examined.
Main outcome measures. The relationship between speed (cycling and running respectively) and age was calculated using a 4th order polynomial function. The derivative of each of these functions was determined and then the slope of the function corresponding to each age was calculated.
Results. The rate of decline in running speed occurred at an earlier age (~ 32 years) during the running race compared with the cycling tour (~ 55 years).
Conclusions. These findings establish a trend that there is ‘accelerated' aging during running which can perhaps be attributed to the increased weight-bearing stress on the muscles during running compared with cycling.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 8-11
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/181
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a181
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 8-11
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/181/119
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/182
2016-08-04T15:56:17Z
sajsm:ART
Non-allergic activation of eosinophils after strenuous endurance exercise
McKune, AJ
Smith, LL
Semple, SJ
Wadee, AA
Objective. To determine the effect of prolonged endurance exercise on the serum concentrations of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), immunoglobulin E (IgE) and upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS).
Design. In 11 healthy, experienced volunteers (6 males, 5 females, age 43 ± 9.8 years) the serum concentrations of ECP and IgE were measured, 24 hours prior to projected finishing time, immediately post exercise (IPE), and 3 h, 24 h, and 72 h after an ultramarathon (90 km). Self-reported URTS were also recorded for 14 days after the race. ECP was measured using radioimmunoassay and IgE using the Alastat Microplate Total IgE kit. The after-exercise values were corrected for plasma volume changes, which were calculated from haematocrit and haemoglobin values. Serum concentrations of ECP and IgE were analysed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing values with before-exercise levels. Level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Results. ECP was significantly elevated at 72 hours (+52%), whilst IgE was not significantly altered after the ultramarathon. There were no reported URTS for the 14 days after the race.
Conclusion. The eosinophil is a pro-inflammatory leukocyte involved in bronchial hyperreactivity and allergic inflammation of the airways. IgE is associated with allergic diseases such as asthma and rhinitis. Serum ECP is a sensitive marker of eosinophil activation. The result provides evidence for the non-allergic activation of blood eosinophils during prolonged endurance exercise. Whether this indicates exercise or environmentally induced airway inflammation, or a role for ECP in muscle /tissue repair, are hypotheses that require additional research.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 12-16
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/182
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a182
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 12-16
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/182/120
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/183
2016-08-04T15:56:19Z
sajsm:ART
Alterations in acute-phase reactants (CRP, rheumatoid factor, complement, Factor B, and immune complexes) following an ultramarathon
Semple, SJ
Smith, LL
McKune, AJ
Neveling, N
Wadee, A
Objectives. The human body initiates an acute phase response (APR) in response to a wide range of homeostatic disturbances. This complex series of reactions serves to activate repair processes and prevent ongoing tissue damage. An important aspect of the APR is the de novo synthesis of acute phase proteins (APP), many of which have not been thoroughly investigated.
Main outcome measures. Alterations in CRP (C-reactive protein), C1est, C3, C4, C6, rheumatoid factor (RF) and Factor B were determined before and after an ultramarathon. Data were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance comparing values to pre-exercise levels. Significance was set at p < 0.05.
Design. Venepunctures were performed on athletes participating in an ultramarathon (90 km) 24 hours before, immediately post-exercise (IPE), and 3h, 24h and 72h after the race. Serum was stored at –80°C until analysed. CRP levels in serum were assessed using the N Latex CRP kit. The levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC) were determined using particle-enhanced nephelometry. Complement proteins C1est, C3, C4 and RF were measured using laser nephelometry. C6 and Factor B were determined by radial immunodiffusion.
Results. CRP was significantly elevated IPE (58%), 3h post (77%), 24h post (87%) and 72h post (69%). Pre-race CRP levels were above the normative range (5.10 ± 3.08 mg/l), C6 was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) at 24h post (7.8%) and 72h post (8.8%) exercise. Factor B was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) at 72h post exercise (12.8%). RF was significantly elevated at 72h post exercise (6.7%).
Conclusion. Significant increases in selected acutephase reactants occur several days after the exercise event. In addition, as indicated by elevated resting levels of CRP, the athletes began the race with some degree of inflammation, presumably as a result of the cumulative training and racing mileage in preparation for the ultramarathon.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 17-21
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/183
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a183
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 17-21
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/183/121
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/184
2016-08-04T15:56:22Z
sajsm:ART
The effect of a professional cricket match schedule on selected immune parameters
Williams, AW
Myburgh, KH
Smith, C
Objective. The impact of a professional cricket match schedule on white blood cell (WBC) distribution and lymphocyte activation (CD69 expression) was investigated.
Methods. After a 3-month pre-season training period, physical and immune parameters were determined in 14 male cricketers before (B) and after (A) an intensive 5- week match schedule.
Results. Exercise test results were unchanged from B to A. Total WBC counts were similar, but total lymphocyte and lymphocyte subpopulation counts decreased significantly. The CD4:CD8 ratio did not change. After in vitro stimulation, percentage CD4+CD69+ cells increased (B: 54.4 ± 9.7%, A: 64.0 ± 8.5%, p < 0.01), but absolute CD4+CD69+ cell counts did not change from B to A. In contrast, both the %CD8+CD69+ cells and absolute CD8+CD69+ cell count remained similar.
Conclusion. A strenuous, interregional, professional cricket match schedule resulted in a decreased number of lymphocytes, but relatively increased in vitro reactivity of CD4+ cells, thus maintaining the absolute capacity of the CD4+ cells to become activated on stimulation. In cricketers who suffered upper respiratory tract symptoms during the match schedule (N = 7), none of the immune parameters investigated differed significantly from the others at B or A.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 22-27
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/184
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a184
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 22-27
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/184/122
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/185
2021-08-11T06:40:00Z
sajsm:ART
Dietary macronutrient recommendations for optimal recovery post-exercise: Part I
Wright, HH
Claassen, A
Davidson, J
Prolonged, strenuous exercise results in muscle glycogen depletion. Recovery of these stores prior to the next training session or competition is crucial to optimise exercise performance. Nutrition plays an important role during the post-exercise recovery period when processes such as muscle regeneration, glycogen and fluid restoration take place. By manipulating the timing, type and frequency of food intake the rate of recovery can be enhanced, which is of particular importance to athletes performing multiple training or competition sessions within a day, or on a dayto- day basis and recovery time is limited. Restoration of muscle glycogen stores is especially important for athletes participating in prolonged exercise, since depleted glycogen stores are associated with impaired exercise performance. Key factors affecting muscle glycogen storage are carbohydrate (CHO) availability and an increased insulin concentration, both of which are influenced by amount and timing of CHO intake, type of CHO ingested, the ratio of CHO to protein ingested, and the fat content of a food item or meal. To maximise the rate of muscle glycogen restoration during a short (< 6-hour) recovery period, 1 - 1.5 g moderate to high glycaemic index CHO/kg body weight (BW) immediately post-exercise, followed by 0.8 - 1.5 g moderate to high glycaemic index CHO/kg BW/hour (divided in smaller doses every 15 - 60 minutes) for 3 - 4 hours should be ingested. With a longer recovery period (≥6 hours) muscle glycogen storage is independent of type of CHO ingested but a total of 7 - 10 g CHO/kg BW should be taken in within a 24-hour period. Combining protein with an adequate amount of CHO (> 1 g/kg BW/hour) has no added advantage in terms of enhanced rate of glycogen storage, but can be of practical importance. Additionally, this combination may be beneficial since CHO and amino acid availability are important for muscle repair during the recovery period, as will be discussed in detail in Part II of this article.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 28-32
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/185
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a185
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 28-32
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/185/123
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/186
2021-08-11T06:39:25Z
sajsm:ART
Dietary macronutrient recommendations for optimal Dietary macronutrient recommendations for optimal
Wright, HH
Claassen, A
Davidson, J
A net positive nitrogen balance is needed for exerciseinduced muscle damage to be repaired during the recovery period. Apart from hormones and growth factors, adequate energy and amino acid availability contribute to this balance and influence the rate at which protein synthesis and muscle repair occur post-exercise. This paper reviews the dietary factors involved in muscle repair during the post-exercise recovery period. Both resistance and endurance-trained athletes have a higher dietary protein requirement of between 1.2 and 1.8 g protein/kg body weight (BW)/day, with an upper limit of 2 g protein/kg BW/day. To increase the rate of protein synthesis during the recovery period, immediate ingestion of protein postexercise is recommended. Additionally, ingesting 1.2 g carbohydrate (CHO)/kg BW/hour with 0.4 g/kg BW/hour of a wheat amino acid mixture (wheat protein hydrolysate combined with free leucine and phenylalanine) enhances the insulin response compared with ingesting CHO only or combined with other protein hydrolysates, peptides, or intact protein. This increased insulin response could increase muscle protein synthesis indirectly by altering the hormonal milieu. Results on the anabolic effect of single or mixtures of amino acids remains to be further elucidated. The possible antioxidant benefits of whey protein supplementation in athletes remains to be proven, while the antioxidant potential of soy protein holds promise. The effect of glutamine supplementation on protein synthesis in athletes is limited and its clinical relevance for enhanced immune function in endurance athletes remains to be established. Creatine supplementation seems to be beneficial in terms of protein synthesis and gains in fat free mass during the recovery period, while the use â-hydroxy â-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation by trained athletes seems to have limited benefits. It is important to keep dietary advice individualised considering the complexity in which the endocrine system regulates cell function, the diverse mechanisms that control homeostasis, as well as genetic variability.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 33-40
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/186
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i2a186
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004); 33-40
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/186/124
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/187
2016-08-04T15:56:00Z
sajsm:ART
Postrace upper respiratory tract ‘infections' in ultramarathoners — infection, allergy or inflammation?
Peters, EM
Despite more than 20 years of research into mechanisms which could result in the increased predisposition of athletes to ‘infection' incidence following excessive and prolonged exercise, definitive explanations are not yet available. A strong temporal relationship between the incidence of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and immune system changes following excessive exercise load (EEL) have not been shown. T-helper cells are functionally polarised according to the cytokines which they produce. While exercise-induced upregulation of T-helper- 2 (TH2) cells and type 2 cytokines is indicative of enhanced activation of allergic responses, downregulation of T-helper-1 (TH1) cells and type 1 cytokines confirms suppression of cellular immune functions. The current knowledge regarding the exercise-induced kinetics of interleukin (IL)-4, a cytokine that is crucial in the activation of the TH2 cells, does, however, not appear to provide sufficient support for an upregulation of a type 2 response. Lowered or unchanged circulating concentrations of type1 cytokines (IL12, IL-2 and interferon γ) and short-term suppression of lymphocyte, natural killer cell and neutrophil function following EEL, reflect a transient, post-exercise suppression of cellular immunity. Despite a partial dampening thereof by the anti-inflammatory actions of IL-10, IL-1ra and IL-6, the evidence supporting a pro-inflammatory response to prolonged exercise and overtraining is unequivocal. At present, the data appear to support the theory that symptoms of ‘infection' experienced by athletes are the manifestation of a significant pro-inflammatory response, combined with a modest, transient suppression of cellular immune functions which may be clinically insignificant.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 3-9
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/187
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a187
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 3-9
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/187/125
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/188
2016-08-04T15:56:02Z
sajsm:ART
The effects of an L-methionine combination supplement on symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections and performance in ultramarathon runners before, during and after ultra-endurance exercise
Harden, LM
Neveling, N
Rossouw, F
Semple, SJ
Marx, FE
Rossouw, J
Rogers, G
Objective. To evaluate whether supplementation with an L-methionine combination would reduce the incidence of upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS) and improve performance in ultramarathon runners.
Design. A double-blind placebo-controlled study.
Setting. Twenty-one ultramarathon runners (17 males, 4 females) preparing for participation in an 87.3 km ultramarathon.
Interventions. L-methionine combination supplement (L-methionine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid and magnesium) or placebo containing potato starch.
Main outcome measures. Incidence of URTS was recorded during the runner's preparation for an ultramarathon race (75 days) and recovery from the same (75 days). CD4+, CD8+ cell counts and ratios were measured pre race, immediately post race and 75 days post race. VO2max and endurance fitness (percentage VO2max at 4 mmol-1 lactate concentration) were measured during the preparation for the race.
Results. During the preparation period the incidence of URTS was 36% in the supplement group and 80% in the placebo group (p = 0.08). The incidence of URTS during the 3 weeks post race was 27% in the supplement group and 40% in the placebo group (p = 0.65). The CD4+/CD8+ cell ratios were not significantly different between groups. Endurance fitness prior to the race and race times were not significantly different.
Conclusions. Although the findings of the current study show that an L-methionine combination supplement did not reduce the incidence of URTS or improve performance in ultramarathon runners, benefits may be found with a more detailed investigation using larger sample sizes and immunosuppressed athletes.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 10-16
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/188
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a188
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 10-16
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/188/126
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/189
2021-08-11T06:38:50Z
sajsm:ART
Mobilisation of satellite cells following ischaemia and reperfusion in primate skeletal muscle
Gregory, MA
Mars, M
Objective. To describe the morphological and morphometric features of activated skeletal muscle satellite cells in primates, using an ischaemic reperfusion model.
Setting. The study was undertaken at the Biomedical Resource Centre and the Electron Microscopy Unit of the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Interventions. Eight vervet monkeys were anaesthetised and subjected to 3 hours of tourniquet-induced lower limb ischaemia. Open muscle biopsies were taken from tibialis anterior muscle immediately after tourniquet release and 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after tourniquet release. Control biopsies were taken from the opposite limb.
Main outcome measures. Description of the morphological and morphometric changes in satellite cells after activation, as seen on transmission electron microscopy.
Results. Two distinct patterns of satellite cell activation are described. In group 1, the cytoplasm of the satellite cell expands around the myocyte and the gap between the satellite cell and the myocyte appears to break down, or in group 2, the novel observation of the satellite cell breaking away from the myofibre and becoming a myocyte totally encased in its own basal lamina. The satellite cells of group 1 were significantly longer than the group 2 cells (p = 0.018) and this was associated with a significant reduction in the percentage of nuclear to cell area (p = 0.011).
Conclusions. Tourniquet-induced ischaemic reperfusion injury is shown to result in two distinct patterns of satellite cell activation which may represent different functions or subsets of satellite cells.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 17-24
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/189
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a189
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 17-24
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/189/127
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/190
2016-08-04T15:56:04Z
sajsm:ART
Shoulder injuries in provincial male fast bowlers - predisposing factors
Aginsky, KD
Lategan, L
Stretch, RA
Objectives. To investigate the relationship between shoulder flexibility and isokinetic strength as possible factors that may predispose provincial fast bowlers to shoulder injuries.
Design. Twenty-one players, 12 of whom had no history of shoulder injuries and 9 of whom had experienced a shoulder injury to the bowling arm, were assessed for shoulder strength using a Cybex Norm isokinetic dynamometer. Absolute and relative peak torque measures were obtained at isokinetic speeds of 90°/s and 180°/s, with both concentric and eccentric contractions performed. Shoulder flexibility was tested using a Leighton Flexometer in both internal and external shoulder rotation. The players were classified into a front-on (N = 7), semi front-on (N = 7) or side-on (N = 7) bowling action from video footage recorded after a bowling trial in the nets.
Results. Shoulder injuries were more common in fast bowlers with a front-on action (N = 5) than the bowlers with a side-on (N = 2) or semi front-on (N = 2) action. Sixteen of the 21 fast bowlers showed low stability ratios compared with gravity corrected functional ratios, indicating an imbalance and the presence of possible dysfunction. The injured group of fast bowlers showed higher concentric weight-normalised torque values for internal rotation at the higher velocity (180°/s) (65.20 ± 10.03 vs. 45.91 ± 10.26 Nm.kg-1 p < 0.009: injured vs. uninjured), which would suggest greater instability when compared with the uninjured players. This imbalance could indicate the presence of a predisposition to impingement syndrome in the injured subjects. There was an increase in the external rotation ranges of movement for both groups, indicating a degree of hypermobility in both groups. The results indicate that the presence of possible dysfunction in the shoulder rotators, combined with a front-on bowling action and external rotation hypermobility, are possible predisposing factors for chronic shoulder injuries in cricket fast bowlers.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 25-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/190
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a190
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 25-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/190/128
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/191
2016-08-04T15:56:06Z
sajsm:ART
Drugs in sport — testing results from the South African Laboratory 1995 - 2002
van der Merwe, PJ
Objective. To summarise the results of the past 8 years obtained at the South African Doping Control Laboratory and to compare the results with international statistics.
Method. Screening procedures were performed on 14 017 urine samples collected from competitors in 54 different sporting codes during the period 1995 - 2002. Samples were analysed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the presence of prohibited substances, which are listed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
Results. The results obtained were compared with those of the IOC-accredited laboratories. Prohibited substances were detected in 300 samples (2.14%), of which 45.6% contained anabolic agents and 34.6% stimulants. The positive samples from the IOC laboratories contained 58.7% anabolic agents and 20.8% stimulants. Testosterone and nandrolone were the anabolic agents most frequently detected in positive samples, both in South Africa and internationally. The ephedrines as a group accounted for most stimulants detected in positive samples.
Conclusion. It is of concern that the percentage of positive samples (2.14%) obtained in our laboratory is higher than the 1.70% in IOC laboratories. It is therefore necessary that doping control to curb the use of prohibited substances should continue and expand.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 29-32
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/191
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a191
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 29-32
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/191/129
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/192
2016-08-04T15:56:08Z
sajsm:ART
The effect of prophylactic knee bracing on proprioception performance in first division rugby union players
Kruger, TH
Coetsee, MF
Davies, S
Objective. To investigate the effects of prophylactic knee bracing on proprioceptive performance among first division rugby union players during a 2-minute Wilknox Quad Time Logger balancing task.
Design. Each subject performed a 2-minute balancing task on the Wilknox Quad Time Logger. Test order, left or right leg, and the sequence of brace or non-brace, were randomised. Subjects were placed on the balancing board and instructed to balance for 2 minutes. Subjects performed 6 trials. Two days elapsed between testing. Each testing day involved 2 trials, 1 trial with and 1 without the prophylactic knee brace.
Settings. Testing took place at the biokinetics laboratory of the University of Zululand. Subjects. Thirty playing (not injured) male rugby players, aged 22 - 30 years, participating in the KwaZulu-Natal club championships (2000).
Outcome measure. Performance was measured in terms of time that balance was lost in a dynamic balance test. Peak proprioception was the best balancing performance recorded, and average proprioception the average balancing performance for all trials.
Results. The findings showed an improvement of 17.9% in average proprioception times and 19.1% in peak proprioception times with the application of a prophylactic knee brace (p < 0.01).
Conclusion. Prophylactic knee bracing improved proprioception performance of playing (uninjured) rugby players, and therefore may be responsible for the improvement in knee injury statistics reported in some studies on knee bracing.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol.16(1) 2004: 33-36
South African Sports Medicine Association
2004-12-03
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/192
10.17159/2078-516X/2004/v16i1a192
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004); 33-36
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/192/130
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/193
2015-11-26T10:43:23Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/194
2015-11-26T10:43:23Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/195
2021-10-11T06:36:14Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/196
2021-10-11T06:36:53Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/197
2021-10-11T06:37:40Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/198
2021-10-11T06:39:06Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/199
2015-11-26T10:58:35Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/200
2015-11-26T10:58:35Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/201
2015-11-26T10:58:35Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/202
2015-11-26T10:58:36Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/203
2015-11-26T10:58:36Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/204
2015-11-26T10:58:37Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/205
2015-11-26T10:58:37Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/206
2021-10-11T06:40:31Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/207
2015-11-26T11:09:14Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/208
2015-11-26T11:09:14Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/209
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
Fitness levels of South African youth of Indian Descent - 1977-1997
Coopoo, Y
Naidoo, K
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 4-8
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/209
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a209
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 4-8
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/209/147
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/210
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
Knee injury patterns among young basket ball players in Cape Town
Louw, Quinette
Grimmer, Karen
Vaughan, Kit
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 9-15
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/210
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a210
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 9-15
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/210/148
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/211
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
Concussion in rugby - an update
Kohler, Ryan MN
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 16-20
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/211
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a211
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 16-20
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/211/149
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/212
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
Energy balance and energy expenditure in obesity - is obesity a disease of inactivity?
Lambert, Estelle V
Goedecke, Julia H
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 21-25
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/212
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a212
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 21-25
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/212/150
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/213
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
South African rugby guidelines on the management of concussion
Jakoet, Ismail
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 26-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/213
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a213
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 26-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/213/151
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/214
2018-09-06T06:19:02Z
sajsm:ART
SASMA Congress Abstracts - Oral presentations and Posters
Editor,
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 29-45
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-21
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/214
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i1a214
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003); 29-45
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/214/152
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/215
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Cricket injuries - a longitudinal study of the nature of injuries in South African cricketers
Stretch, RA
Venter, DJL
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 4-8
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/215
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a215
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 4-8
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/215/153
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/216
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Effects of strapping the tendo-Achilles
Puckree, T
Augustine, E
Ramdani, A
Padayachee, K
Lin, J
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 9-13
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/216
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a216
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 9-13
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/216/154
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/217
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Stability of 19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone glucuronide in urine under various storage conditions
van der Merwe, PJ
Grobbelaar, E
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 14-17
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/217
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a217
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 14-17
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/217/155
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/218
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Avulsion fractrues of the pelvis
Naudé, M
Lindeque, BGP
v Rensburg, DCJ
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 18-24
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/218
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a218
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 18-24
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/218/156
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/219
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Cyclops lesion of the knee
de Villiers, R
Hoffman, D
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 25-26
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/219
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a219
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 25-26
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/219/157
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/220
2018-09-06T06:21:09Z
sajsm:ART
Letter: Guidelines for the outpatient treatment of acute symptomatic pulmonary histoplasmosis in cavers
Craven, SA
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(2) 2003: 27-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/220
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i2a220
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003); 27-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/220/158
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/221
2016-11-10T07:34:45Z
sajsm:ART
Isokinetic evaluation of neck strength
Du Toit, DE
Buys, FJ
Venter, DJL
Olivier, PE
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 3-10
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/221
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a221
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 3-10
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/221/159
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/222
2016-11-10T07:35:00Z
sajsm:ART
Pre-to-post race changes in self-reported depression scores in ultra-distance triathletes - a pilot study
Harrison, AM
Yaldoo, DT
Fiesler, CM
Connor, JT
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 11-16
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/222
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a222
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 11-16
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/222/160
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/223
2016-11-10T07:35:37Z
sajsm:ART
Behavioural response to exercise in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
McKune, AJ
Pautz, J
Lomjbard, J
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 17-21
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/223
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a223
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 17-21
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/223/161
Copyright (c) 2004 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/224
2016-11-10T11:24:09Z
sajsm:ART
Medical care of the South African Olympic team - the Sydney 2000 experience
Derman, WE
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 22-25
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/224
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a224
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 22-25
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/224/162
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/225
2016-08-04T15:55:46Z
sajsm:ART
Volleyball injuries in KwaZulu-Natal - epidemiology
Puckree, T
Nathalal, Y
Lin, J
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 26-28
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/225
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a225
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 26-28
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/225/163
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/226
2016-08-04T15:55:47Z
sajsm:ART
Alterations in mood state following an ultra-marathon
Semple, SJ
Smith, LL
Neveling, N
McKune, A
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 29-31
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/226
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a226
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 29-31
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/226/164
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/227
2016-08-04T15:55:49Z
sajsm:ART
Letter: Caution when using heart rate as a marker of exercise intensity
Kirkman, M
SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 32
South African Sports Medicine Association
2003-12-20
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/227
10.17159/2078-516X/2003/v15i3a227
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 15 No. 3 (2003); 32-32
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/227/165
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za/oai:article/228
2015-11-26T11:09:15Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/229
2021-10-11T06:40:59Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/230
2021-10-11T06:41:36Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/231
2021-10-11T06:42:05Z
sajsm:ART
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/232
2016-08-04T15:57:29Z
sajsm:ART
Causes of extreme fatigue in underperforming athletes - a synthesis of recent hypotheses and reviews
Robson-Ansley, PJ
Lakier Smith, L
The underperformance syndrome (UPS), previously known as the overtraining syndrome (OTS), has been defined as a persistent decrement in athletic performance capacity despite 2 weeks of relative rest. Clinical research has suggested that cytokines play a key role in fatigue in disease and chronic fatigue syndrome. Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that exogenous administration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) increases the sensation of fatigue during exercise. In light of current cytokine and chronic fatigue
syndrome research, this article reviews and updates the cytokine theories that attempt to explain the aetiology of the debilitating fatigue experienced in OTS/UPS. Initially,
it was proposed that UPS may be caused by excessive cytokine release during and following exercise, causing a chronic inflammatory state and ‘cytokine sickness'. More recently, the hypothesis was extended and it was proposed that time-dependent sensitisation could provide a model through which the aetiology of UPS may be explained.
According to this model, the principal abnormal factor in UPS is an intolerance/heightened sensitivity to IL-6 during exercise. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 108-114
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-12-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/232
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i4a232
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 4 (2006); 108-114
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/232/170
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/233
2016-08-04T15:57:32Z
sajsm:ART
The effects of exercise training in patients with peripheral vascular disease - a review
Parr, BM
Derman, EW
Patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) suffer from the symptom of intermittent claudication and are therefore intolerant to walking. Exercise training has been
shown to be a beneficial treatment for patients with PVD. Therefore studies have aimed to assess the efficacy of exercise training programmes. This review summarises
the data on the efficacy of exercise training programmes in patients with PVD. Recommendations are made for the mode, duration, frequency and intensity of exercise training programmes. A systematic review of Medline, Pubmed and Science Direct
was done of studies on exercise training and patients with PVD, particularly those using randomised controlled trials. Exercise training improves walking tolerance in patients
with PVD. The common mode of training in patients with PVD in the past decade has been walking on a treadmill; however recently an upper-limb cycle ergometry programme
proved to be as effective as lower-limb cycle ergometry in improving walking tolerance in patients with PVD. As weight-bearing walking programmes are uncomfortable for patients with PVD, this is an important development in exercise prescription for these patients. Most
successful exercise programmes have been 3-6 months in duration for a period of 30 minutes to 1 hour, 2-3 times per week. However, 1 study showed that a shorter period (6
weeks) was of sufficient duration to improve functional capacity in patients with PVD. This is helpful for practitioners as exercise programmes of 3 or 6 months can be daunting for a patient to embark on. Finally, patients should exercise to maximal claudication pain in order to elicit the best training response. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 116-121
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-12-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/233
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i4a233
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 4 (2006); 116-121
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/233/171
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/234
2016-08-04T15:57:35Z
sajsm:ART
Mountain bike racing - the influence of prior glycogen-inducing exercise and glutamine supplementation on selected stress and immune parameters
Smith, C
Myburgh, KH
Objective. To investigate the effect of pre-exercise glutamine supplementation and the influence of a prior acute bout of glycogen-reducing exercise on the general stress
and immune response to acute high-intensity cycling.
Design. Randomised, double-blind, cross-over supplementation study.
Setting and intervention. Subjects performed a series of 4 simulated mountain-bike races lasting ≈60 minutes each on separate days 1 week apart, with/ without prior glycogen-
reducing exercise on a known outdoor course with/ without pre-exercise glutamine supplementation. Blood samples were collected pre- and immediately post-exercise after each race.
Main outcome measures. Circulating concentrations of cortisol (COR) and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS) were assessed at all time points, as well as
changes in white blood cell (WBC) subpopulation distribution.
Results. COR was elevated in all groups post-exercise (p < 0.0001), but neither glycogen reduction, nor glutamine supplementation had any effect. DHEAs increased post-exercise (p < 0.05), with a greater relative increase in glutamine-supplemented subjects (p = 0.07). Total WBC and neutrophil counts in all groups were elevated after exercise (both p < 0.0005). Glutamine supplementation had no effect on differential WBC counts or distribution,
but total WBC (p = 0.06) and monocyte (p < 0.05) counts showed greater increases after glycogen reduction. Gluta- mine supplementation was associated with greater postexercise
decreases in CD4+ count (p = 0.07) and CD4+: CD8+ ratio (p = 0.01) after glycogen-reducing exercise.
Conclusions. We conclude that pre-exercise glutamine supplementation may have an anticortisol effect by enhancing the DHEAS response to exercise stress. The suppressive effect of glutamine supplementation on CD4+: CD8+ ratio and its positive effect on monocyte count after repeated bouts of exercise warrants further investigation. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 122-128
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-12-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/234
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i4a234
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 4 (2006); 122-128
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/234/172
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/235
2016-08-04T15:57:38Z
sajsm:ART
Analysis of patient load data for teams competing in the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa
Killian, A
Stretch, RA
Objectives. To evaluate the injury presentation data for all teams taking part in 10 warm-up matches and 46 matches during the 2003 Cricket World Cup played in South Africa, in order to provide organisers with the basis of a sound medical-care plan for future tournaments of a similar nature.
Methods. The data collected included the role of the injured person, the nature of the injury, whether the treatment was for an injury or an illness, whether the injury was acute, chronic or acute-on-chronic, and the prognosis (rest, play, unfit to play, sent home, follow-up treatment required). The medical personnel in charge of the medical support documented patient information which included the total number of patient presentations and the category of illness/injury.
Results. Ninety patient presentations (1.6 patient presentations per match) were recorded. The most common patient presentations were by the batsmen (50%), followed by the bowlers (29%) and all-rounders (17%). Of the patient presentations, 53% were classified as injuries, while the remaining 47% were classified as illnesses. The patient presentations occurred in the early stages of the competition. The most common presentations were of an acute nature (63%). The main injury pathology categories were trigger point injuries (10%), and bruises / abrasions (10%), while infection (29%) was the main illness pathology.
Conclusions. The 2003 Cricket World Cup proved to be an ideal opportunity to collect data on international cricketers participating in an intensive 6-week international competition; the epidemiological data collected should assist national cricket bodies and organisers of future Cricket World Cup competitions to predict participant-related injury rates. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 129-134
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-12-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/235
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i4a235
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 4 (2006); 129-134
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/235/173
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/236
2016-08-04T15:57:42Z
sajsm:ART
High-intensity exercise and recovery during short-term supplementation with creatine plus a protein-carbohydrate formula
Clark, JR
Objective. To determine the effect of short-term creatine supplementation plus a protein-carbohydrate formula on high-intensity exercise performance and recovery.
Design. A repeated-measures, experimental study, employing a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, group comparison design was used.
Interventions. Thirty active but not sprint-trained male subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: creatine plus protein-carbohydrate formula (CRF); creatine only (CRE); and control (CON). All groups were exposed to the same high-intensity sprint exercise programme, 3 times per week for 30 days.
Main outcome measures. Dependant variables included total repeat sprint distance, fatigue index, perceived muscle pain, and blood lactate, urea, creatine kinase, and cortisol concentrations.
Results. All groups significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased total sprint distance and decreased blood urea concentrations. There were no significant changes in blood lactate or cortisol
concentrations in any group. CRF showed significant decreases (p ≤ 0.05) in fatigue index, muscle pain, and creatine kinase concentration. However, no significant differences
were found between groups.
Conclusion. Short-term creatine supplementation with or without protein-carbohydrate supplementation does not appear to enhance performance or recovery significantly over high-intensity exercise training alone in non-sprint-trained individuals. A longer trial period may be required to evaluate effect on recovery more conclusively. In addition, the prime importance of physical conditioning, and in particular task-specific exercise training, in stimulating performance and recovery adaptations is highlighted. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 136-140
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-12-15
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/236
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i4a236
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 4 (2006); 136-140
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/236/174
Copyright (c) 1970 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/237
2016-08-04T15:57:13Z
sajsm:ART
The effect of icepack cooling on skin and muscle temperature at rest and after exercise
Mars, M
Hadebe, B
Tufts, M
Objective. To compare cooling of skin, subcutaneous fat and muscle, produced by an icepack, at rest and after short-duration exhaustive exercise.
Methods. Eight male subjects were studied. With the subject supine, hypodermic needle-tip thermistors were inserted into the subcutaneous fat and the mid-portion of
the left rectus femoris, to a depth of 1 cm plus the adipose thickness at the site, and a temperature probe was placed on the skin overlying the needle tips. A pack of crushed
ice was applied for 15 minutes and temperatures were recorded before, during, and for 45 minutes after icepack application. Thereafter, subjects underwent a ramped, treadmill, VO2max test, an icepack was applied after temperature probes were inserted into the right leg and measurements were made as before.
Results. After the treadmill run, skin (Sk), subcutaneous (SC) and muscle (Ms) temperatures (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) were 0.9 ± 1.3, 1.0 ± 0.7 and 1.3 ± 0.8°C
higher than at rest. After 15 minutes of icepack cooling, temperatures fell in the exercised limb by 22.7 ± 1.5°C (Sk), 13.5 ± 4.2°C (SC) and 9.3 ± 5.5°C (Ms) and in the
control limb by 20.7 ± 2.9°C (Sk), 11.4 ± 2.0°C (SC) and 8.7 ± 2.6°C (Ms). The reductions in temperature were significant in both the control and exercised limbs. Forty-five minutes after icepack cooling, muscle temperature was still approximately 5°C lower in both the rested and exercised muscle (p < 0.001). Individual variations in response to cooling were noted.
Conclusions. Cooling of superficial muscle occurs after high-intensity exercise. The degree of cooling is not uniform. This may be due to differences in the sympathetic response to cooling, influencing haemodynamic and thermoregulatory changes after exercise. This needs further investigation. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (3) 2006: pp. 60-66
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/237
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i3a237
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 3 (2006); 60-66
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/237/175
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/238
2016-08-04T15:57:16Z
sajsm:ART
Pedometer step counting in South Africa: tools or trinkets?
Cook, I
Objectives. This study addressed (i) the accuracy of measuring ambulatory signals and (ii) the susceptibility to nonambulatory signals, of the Discovery Vitality Pedometer
(VT) and the Kellogg's Special K Step Counter (KL) compared with three research-grade pedometers (DW: Yamax DigiWalker SW-401, MTI: MTI Actigraph AM-7164-2.2 ,
NL: New Lifestyles NL 2000).
Design. One hundred instruments (20 instruments/brand) were tested at five level walking speeds on a motorised treadmill (3.24, 4.02, 4.80, 5.64, 6.42 km.hr-1) and during
motor vehicle travel on tarred roads (62.9 km).
Results. The KL was highly variable across all speeds, while the VT tended to be variable at the lowest speed. The DW, NL and VT significantly underestimated steps below 4.80km.hr-1 (41 - 94%, p < 0.02) but accuracy improved at speeds ≥ 4.80 km.hr-1 (98 - 102%). The KL displayed the highest variability (60% inter-instrument variance) followed by the VT (10% inter-instrument variance). The research-grade pedometers were the least variable
(0 - 1% inter-instrument variance). At 4.80 km.hr-1, all research- grade pedometers measured within a 10% margin of error compared with the 90% of VT units and 42% of
KL units. The VT was significantly more resistant to nonambulatory signals than the DW (p < 0.01). The KL was the most variable in its response to non-ambulatory signals
while the NL was the most consistent. The MTI detected the most non-ambulatory signals (p < 0.05).
Conclusions. The KL should not be used as a promotional pedometer. The VT achieved the minimum standards required of a promotional pedometer. Further testing is required for longevity, and performance under free-living conditions. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (3) 2006: pp. 67-78
South African Sports Medicine Association
2006-02-05
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Peer-reviewed Article
application/pdf
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/238
10.17159/2078-516X/2006/v18i3a238
South African Journal of Sports Medicine; Vol. 18 No. 3 (2006); 67-78
2078-516X
1015-5163
eng
https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/sajsm/article/view/238/176
Copyright (c) 2009 South African Journal of Sports Medicine
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
cee76af5118db291610aacfc42f5ae8c