The influence of hybrid problem-based learning on Senior Phase preservice Technology teachers’ self-directed learning abilities

Authors

  • Mbofheni Abbie Mulaudzi North-West University
  • Aubrey Golightly North-West University
  • Adri Du Toit North-West University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/bgkjh913

Keywords:

Hybrid problem-based learning (hPBL), Interpersonal communication, Learning motivation, Planning and implementing, Self-directed learning abilities, Self-monitoring, Senior Phase preservice Technology teachers

Abstract

Hybrid problem-based learning (hPBL) may promote the ability of students to learn independently. This paper explores the impact of hPBL on preservice Technology teachers’ self-directed learning (SDL) abilities. In this case study, a mixed-methods research design was used. The self-directed learning instrument (SDLI) developed by Cheng and colleagues was used to collect quantitative data. For the qualitative data observations, semi-structured individual interviews and self-reflective journals of preservice Technology teachers were used to give more meaning to the quantitative results. In this study, hPBL had positive influences on preservice Technology teachers’ SDL abilities. Employing hPBL had a slightly positive impact on ‘planning and implementation’ as an SDL sub-domain. The preservice teachers’ self-monitoring abilities increased statistically significantly. In addition, the hPBL intervention contributed to a slight improvement in the interpersonal communication abilities of these preservice Technology teachers. It is recommended that hPBL be implemented in larger classes in Technology Education, as well as in longitudinal studies to determine the long-term impact of hPBL on preservice teachers’ SDL abilities.

Author Biographies

  • Mbofheni Abbie Mulaudzi, North-West University

    Mbofheni Abbie Mulaudzi is a lecturer in Electrical Technology Education at North-West University's Potchefstroom campus in South Africa. Before entering academia, he spent several years as an educator at Thohoyandou Technical High School in Limpopo Province. His research is primarily on innovative teaching methodologies, including hybrid problem-based learning (hPBL), problem-based learning (PBL), project-based learning (PjBL), situated learning, and self-directed learning, with a focus on their application in technical high schools, TVET colleges, and universities. Mulaudzi is particularly passionate about reengineering Electrical Engineering and Technology Education by integrating engineering philosophy with situated and self-directed learning approaches to cultivate graduates' capacity for lifelong, self-directed learning. 

  • Aubrey Golightly, North-West University

    Professor Aubrey Golightly holds a doctoral degree and is a Professor in Geography Education at the Faculty of Education (NWU) in South Africa. His research interests are active learning, problem-based learning, and self-directed learning and self-directed professional development.  He is an Editorial Board member of the International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education (IRGEE).  

  • Adri Du Toit , North-West University

    Professor Adri Du Toit specialises in teacher education and curriculum development at the Faculty of Education of the North-West University, South Africa. She focuses on teacher preparation for entrepreneurial learning, Consumer Studies, and Technology education. Her research continues to explore strategies to support this aim, including the utilisation of project-based and self-directed learning, as well as work-integrated learning, in face-to-face or virtual environments. Professor Du Toit has published and presented her work both nationally and internationally. Together with her students and colleagues, she explores multidisciplinary ways in which entrepreneurial learning can contribute to making the world a better place by identifying and addressing immediate problems. She enjoys collaborating with educators and researchers from across the globe. Adri serves as the President of the South African Association of Family and Consumer Sciences (SAAFECS) and represents South Africa on the International Federation of Home Economics (IFHE) Council.  

References

Adedokun, O. A., Carleton Parker, L., Henke, J. N. & Burgess, W.D. (2017). Student perceptions of a 21st century learning space. Journal of Learning Spaces, 6(1), 1-13. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1152589.pdf

Akili, W. (2014). Problem-based learning (PBL): How to implement, strategize, and infuse PBL in an engineering program? Qscience Proceedings (Proceedings of the World Conference on Engineering Education 2013). pp.2-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qproc.2014.wcee2013.2

Altinpulluk, H., Kilinc, H., Alptekin, G., Yildirim, Y. & Yumurtaci, O. (2023). Self-directed learning and intrinsic motivation levels in MOOCs. Open Praxis, 15(2), 149-161.

Aldayel, A. A., Alali, A. O., Altuwaim, A. A., Alhussain, H. A., Aljasser, K. A., Abdulrahman, K. A. B., Alamri, M. O. & Almutairi, T. A. (2019). Problem-based learning: Medical students’ perception toward their educational environment at Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 10, 95-104.

Ali, W. G. M. & El Sebai, N. A. M. (2010). Effect of problem-based learning on nursing students’ approaches to learning and their self-directed learning abilities. International Journal of Academic Research, 2(4), 188-195.

Al-Drees, A. A., Khalil, M. S., Irshad, M. & Abdulghani, H. M. (2015). Students’ perception of the problem-based learning tutorial session in a system-based hybrid curriculum. Saudi Medical Journal, 36(3), 341-348.

Amineh, R. J. & Asl, H. D. (2015). Review of constructivism. Journal of Social Sciences, Literature and Languages, 1(1), 9-16.

Bailey, R. (2016). Developing information technology learners’ critical thinking skills: implications for self-directed learning (Doctoral dissertation). North-West University, South Africa.

Baresh, E. F., Ali, S. M. & Darmi, R. (2019). Using hybrid problem-based learning (HPBL) approach to enhance Libyan EFL students’ engagement with English Language. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 7(2), 9-20.

Barrows, H. S. (1986). A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Medical Education, 20, 481-486.

Bhandari, B., Chopra, D. & Singh, K. (2020). Self-directed learning: assessment of students’ abilities and their perspective. Advances in Physiology Education, 44, 383-386.

Bosch, C., Mentz, E. & Goede, R. (2019). Self-directed learning: A conceptual overview. In E. Mentz, J. de Beer & R. Bailey (Eds.), Self-directed learning for the 21st century: Implications for higher education (NWU Self-Directed Learning Series Vol. 1) (pp.1-36). AOSIS. https://doi.org/10.4102/aosis.2019.BK134.01

Bunt, B. J. (2023). Pedagogy of play: A framework for self-directed learning. In M. Havenga, J. Olivier & B. J. Bunt (Eds.), Problem-based learning and pedagogies of play: Active approaches towards self-directed learning (NWU Self-Directed Learning Series Vol. 11) (pp.17-42). AOSIS. https://doi.org/10.4102/aosis.2023.BK409.02

Carrió, M., Agell, L., Banos, J.E., Moyano, E., Larramona, P. & Perez, J. (2016). Benefits of using a hybrid problem-based learning curriculum to improve long-term learning acquisition in undergraduate biology education. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 363(15), fnw159. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnw159

Chaiyasit, W., Chomsuwan, K. & Chanchalor, S. (2023). Hybrid teaching using problem-based learning to promote self-directed learning abilities of students during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(8), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.8.1

Cheng, S. F., Kuo, C. L., Lin, K. C. & Lee-Hsieh, J. (2010). Development and preliminary testing of a self-rating instrument to measure the self-directed learning ability of nursing students. International Journal of Nursing Studies 47(9), 1152-1158.

Chimwayange, C. (2024). Promoting student engagement using project-based learning as service-based skills development. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-024-09947-w

Chin, K. Y., Hong, Z. W. & Chen, Y. L. (2014). Impact of using an educational robot-based learning system on students’ motivation in elementary education. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 7(4), 333-345.

Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Dede, C. (2010). Comparing frameworks for 21st century skills. In J. Bellance & R. Brandt (Eds.), 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn (pp.51-76). Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press.

De Villiers, L., De Beer, J. & Golightly, A. (2016). Problem-based and self-directed learning outcomes during an indigenous knowledge intervention for life sciences teachers. Proceedings of the ISTE International Conference on Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 23-28 October, Kruger National Park, Mpumalanga, South Africa. pp.505-515.

Dolmans, D. H., Loyens, S. M., Marcq, H. & Gijbels, D. (2016). Deep and surface learning in problem-based learning: a review of the literature. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 21(5), 1087-1112.

Dongani, B. (2023). Active learning and effective teaching strategies. International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches, 7, 136-142.

Du Toit, A. (2015). Implementation of project-based learning in pre-service Consumer Studies teacher preparation to promote self-directed learning (master’s thesis). North-West University, South Africa.

Du Toit, A. (2020). Threading entrepreneurship through the design process in Technology Education, African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 24(2), 180-191.

Du Toit, A. & Petersen, N. (2023). Reimagining work-integrated learning excursions to decrease the theory-practice divide. In N Petersen, A du Toit, E. Mentz & R. J. Balfour (Eds.). Innovative curriculum design: Bridging the theory-practice divide in work-integrated learning to foster Self-Directed Learning (NWU Self-Directed Learning Series, Vol. 12) (pp.1-30). AOSIS. https://doi.org/10.4102/aosis.2023.BK426.01

Du Toit-Brits, C. & Van Zyl, C-M. (2017). Embedding motivation in the self-directedness of first-year students. South African Journal of Higher Education, 31(1), 50-65.

Francom, G. M. (2010). Teach me how to learn: Principles for fostering students’ self-directed learning skills. International Journal of Self-directed Learning, 7(1), 29-43.

Golightly, A. (2018). The influence of an integrated PBL format on geography students’ perceptions of their self-directedness in learning. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 42(3), 460-478.

Golightly, A. & Muniz, O. A. (2013). Are South African Geography Education students ready for problem-based learning? Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 37(3), 432-455.

Greyling, I. Y. (2020). The influence of hybrid problem-based learning on the relationship between learners’ learning styles and self-directed learning abilities in Life Sciences (Master’s thesis). North-West University, South Africa.

Guglielmino, L. M. (2008). Why self-directed learning? International Journal of Self-directed Learning 5(1), 1-14.

Guo, L. (2022). The effects of self-monitoring on strategy use and academic performance: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Educational Research, 112, 101939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101939

Havenga, M. & Du Toit, A. (2022). Problem-based learning in a virtual space: Affordances of active online learning. In J. de Beer, N. Petersen, E. Mentz & R. J. Balfour (Eds.), Self-directed learning in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: Research on the affordances of online virtual excursions (NWU Self-Directed Learning Series Vol. 9) (pp.127-148). AOSIS. https://doi.org/10.4102/aosis.2022.BK367.07

Hung, W., Moallem, M. & Dabbagh, N. (2019). Social foundations of problem‐based

learning. In M. Moallem, W. Hung, & N. Dabbagh (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of problem‐based learning (pp.51-80). John Wiley.

Karataş, K., Şentürk, C. & Teke, A. (2021). The mediating role of self-directed learning readiness in the relationship between teaching-learning conceptions and lifelong learning tendencies. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 46(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2021v46n6.4

Kibirige, I., Teffo, W. L. & Singh, S. (2021). Investigating teachers’ perceptions of facilitating scientific investigations. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/11511

Knowles, M. S. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. Association Press.

Loeng, S. (2020). Self-directed learning: A core concept in adult education. Education Research International, 2020(1), Article ID 3816132. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3816132

Mahlaba, S. C. (2020). Reasons why self-directed learning is important in South Africa during the Covid-19 pandemic. South African Journal of Higher Education, 34(6), 120-136.

Malan, S. B. & Ndlovu, M. (2014). Introducing problem-based learning (PBL) into a foundation programme to develop self-directed learning skills. South African Journal of Education, 34(1), 1-16.

Mansor, A. N., Abdullah, N. O., Wahab, J. A., Rasul, M. S., Nor, M. Y. M., Nor, N. M. & Raof, R. A. (2015). Managing problem-based learning: Challenges and solutions for educational practice. Asian Social Science, 11(4), 259-268.

McCarthy-Kettledas, F., Du Toit, A. & Van Tonder, G. (2024). Teachers’ perceptions of and suggestions for embedding entrepreneurship in Technology Education. African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 28(2), 210-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/18117295.2024.2371668

Mello, L. V. (2016). Fostering postgraduate student engagement: Online resources supporting self-directed learning in a diverse cohort. Research in Learning Technology, 24, 1-15.

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M. & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE.

Moust, J. H. C., Bouhuijs, P. A. J. & Schmidt, H. G. (2001). Problem-based: A student guide. Wolters-Noordhoff.

Mtshali, T. I. (2020). Critical thinking skills for civil technology practical assessment tasks. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 18(2), 237-241.

Petersen, N., Mentz, E. & De Beer, J. (2023). Affordances and barriers of face-to-face and virtual online excursions to foster self-directed learning in pre-service teacher education: Distilling design principles. In N. Petersen, A. du Toit, E. Mentz & R. J. Balfour (Eds.), Innovative curriculum design: Bridging the theory–practice divide in work-integrated learning to foster self-directed learning (NWU Self-Directed Learning Series Vol. 12) (pp.51-75). AOSIS. https://doi.org/10.4102/aosis.2023.BK426.03

Schmidt, H. G., Rotgans, J. I. & Yew, E. J. H. (2019). Cognitive constructivist foundations of

problem‐based learning. In M. Moallem, W. Hung, & N. Dabbagh (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of problem‐ based learning (pp.25-50). John Wiley.

Schulze, S. & Van Heerden, M. (2015). Learning environments matter: Identifying influences on the motivation to learn science. South African Journal of Education, 35(2), 1-9.

Schunk, D. H. (2012). Learning theories: An educational perspective (6th ed.). Pearson Education.

Sebatana, M. J. & Dudu, W. T. (2021). Exploring collaboration as a 21st-century skill to enhance self-directed learning while teaching particulate nature of matter through problem-based learning. In E. Mentz, D. Laubscher & J. Olivier (Eds.), Self-directed learning: An imperative for education in a complex society (NWU Self-Directed Learning Series Vol. 6) (pp.193-210). AOSIS. https://doi.org/10.4102/aosis.2021.BK279.08

Shen, W. Q., Chen, H. L. & Hu, Y. (2014). The validity and reliability of the self-directed learning instrument (SDLI) in mainland Chinese nursing students. BMC Medical Education, 14(108), 1-7.

Shinde, V. V. & Inamdar, S. S. (2013). Problem-based learning (PBL) for engineering education in India: Need and recommendations. Wireless Personal Communications, 69(3), 1097-1105.

Skinner, K. L., Hyde, S. J. & McPherson, K. (2016). Improving students’ interpersonal skills through experiential small group learning. Journal of Learning Design, 9(1), 21-36.

South Africa. Department of Basic Education. (2011). Curriculum and assessment policy statements. Technology senior phase grades 7-9. Pretoria: Government Printing Works.

Sweller, J., Zhang, L., Ashman, G., Cobern, W. & Kirschner, P. (2024). Response to De Jong et al.’s (2023) paper “Let’s talk evidence – The case for combining inquiry-based and direct instruction”. Educational Research Review, 42, 100584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100584

Tan, S. & Shen, Z. (2019). A survey on hybrid problem-based learning in a digital image processing course. In Fifteenth Conference on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics: ETOP 2019, ETOP 2019 Papers (Optica Publishing Group, 2019), paper 11143, 1-8.

Tjakradidjaja, F. A., Prabandari, Y. S., Prihatiningsih, T. S. & Harsono, H. (2016). The role of the teacher in medical students’ self-directed learning process. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 10(1), 78-84.

Van Deur, P. & Murray-Harvey, R. (2005). The inquiry nature of primary schools and students’ self-directed learning knowledge. International Education Journal, 5(5), 166-177.

Van Rensburg, G. H. & Botma, Y. (2015). Bridging the gap between self-directed learning of nurse educators and effective student support. Curationis, 38(2), 1-7.

Van Zyl, S. & Mentz, E. (2019). Moving to deeper self-directed learning as an essential competency for the 21st century. In E. Mentz, J. de Beer & R. Bailey (Eds.), Self-directed learning for the 21st century: Implications for higher education (NWU Self-Directed Learning Series Vol. 1) (pp.67-102). AOSIS. https://doi.org/10.4102/aosis.2019.BK134.03

Venter, J. (2018). Die aanwending van gevallestudies om Graad 10-Lewenswetenskappe-leerders se selfgerigte leervermoëns te bevorder (Master’s thesis). North-West University, South Africa.

Walker, J. T. & Lofton, S. P. (2003). Effect of a problem-based learning curriculum on students’ perceptions of self-directed learning. Issues In Educational Research, 13(2), 71-100.

Williams, M. S. & Ringbauer, S. E. (2014). PBL field deployment: Lessons learned adding a problem-based learning unit to a traditional lecture and lab course. Proceedings of the 121st ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, June 14-18, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. pp. 24.974.1-24.974.15.

Wang, X., Wen, L., Hang, F. & Yin, Z. (2024). Exploring the motivation of self-directed learning of hospital pharmacists: a multicentre qualitative study. BMJ Open, 14(1), e077205.

Yoel, S. R., Akiri, E. & Dori, Y. J. (2023). Fostering graduate students’ interpersonal Journal of Science Education and Technology, 32, 931-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-022-09998-5 communication skills via online group interactions.

Published

10-12-2025

How to Cite

Mulaudzi, M. A., Golightly, A., & Du Toit , A. (2025). The influence of hybrid problem-based learning on Senior Phase preservice Technology teachers’ self-directed learning abilities. The Independent Journal of Teaching and Learning, 20(2), 116-135. https://doi.org/10.17159/bgkjh913

Similar Articles

1-10 of 94

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.