Human rights, the rule of law and democracy at the heart of European prisons and probation.

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/sacq.n74.22407

Keywords:

prisons , probation , human rights, democracy, law

Abstract

On 24 June 2024, Dirk van Zyl Smit gave the keynote speech at the Annual Council of Europe Conference of the Directors of Prison and Probation Services in Sofia, Bulgaria. In this extract, Van Zyl Smit asks what it means to place human rights, the rule of law, and democracy at the heart of two powerful institutions – prisons and probation. He explores potential tensions between the three ideals and considers how these tensions can best be handled in the context of prisons and probation. The same tensions exist in South Africa, where popular punitiveness is portrayed as the democratic will of the people and presented as if it is inevitably in conflict with constitutionally based human rights ideals. He concludes that such conflict is not inevitable.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Emeritus Professor Dirk Van Zyl Smit, University of Cape Town

    Emeritus Professor of Criminology and Senior Research Scholar, University of Cape Town. 

References

Sonja Snacken, Human dignity and prisoners' rights in Europe, Crime and Justice 50 (1) (2021), 301–351, https://doi.org/10.1086/715910.

Tyrer v United Kingdom (application no 5856/72), 25 April 1978.

Öcalan v Turkey [GC] (application no. 4622/99) ECtHR, 12 May 2005.

European Prison Rules, Rule 18.1.

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), Living space for prisoners, https://www.coe.int/en/web/cpt/living-space-prisoners, accessed 4 April 2025.

Muršić v Croatia [GC] (Application no. 7334/13) ECtHR, 20 October 2016.

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), 21st General Report of the CPT, (CPT/Inf (2011) 28), https://rm.coe.int/1680696a88, accessed 4 April 2025.

United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, The Nelson Mandela Rules, Rule 44. https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_Mandela_Rules-E-ebook.pdf, accessed 4 April 2025.

The Nelson Mandela Rules, Rule 43.

UN General Assembly, Resolution 70/175 (2015), adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December 2015, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/NelsonMandelaRules.pdf , accessed 4 April 2025.

Dirk van Zyl Smit and Harvey Slade, What’s new in the 2020 European Prison Rules? Innovative provisions on separation, solitary confinement, and other prison practices, The Art of Crime 9 (2020), 210–22, https://theartofcrime.gr/whats-new-in-the-2020-european-prison-rulesinnovative-provisions-on-separation-solitary-confinement-and-other-prison-practices/, accessed 4 April 2025.

Committee of Ministers to member states on the European Prison Rules, Recommendation Rec(2006)2,European Prison Rules, Rule 60.6.c, https://rm.coe.int/european-prison-rules-978-92-871-5982-3/16806ab9ae , accessed 4 April 2025.

European Prison Rules, Rule 60.6.a.

European Prison Rules, Rule 60.6.b.

European Prison Rules, Rule 60.6.e.

European Prison Rules, Rule 60.6.d.

European Prison Rules, Commentary to Rule 60.6.

Schmidt and Šmigol v. Estonia (Applications nos. 3501/20 and 2 others), 28 November 2023.

European Probation Rules, Recommendation CM/Rec (2010)1 of the Committee of Ministers, 20 January 2010, Basic Principle 2.

European Rules on Community Sanctions and Measures, Recommendation CM/ Rec (2017)3 adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 22 March 2017 at the 1282nd meeting of the Ministers' Deputies, Rule 4, https://rm.coe.int/168070c09b, accessed 4 April 2025.

European Prison Rules, Rule 20.2.

European Prison Rules, Rule 32.1.

Sarah J Summer, Sentencing and human rights: the limits on punishment, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022; Dirk van Zyl Smit and Sonja Snacken, Principles of European prison law and policy: punishment and human rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009; Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers,Recommendation on Consistency in Sentencing, Recommendation R(92)18 ,adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 19 October 1992 at the 482nd meeting of the Ministers' Deputies, https://rm.coe.int/16804d6ac8, (accessed 4 April 2025);

Committee of Ministers, Recommendation on the Use of Custody, the Conditions in Which it Takes Place and the Provision of Safeguards Against Abuse, Recommendation Rec(2006), adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 27 September 2006 at the 974th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, https://pjp-eu.coe.int/documents/41781569/42171329/CMRec+%282006%29+13+on+the+use+of+remand+in+custody%2C+the+conditions+in+which+it+takes+place+and+the+provision+of+safeguard+against+abuse.pdf/ccde55db-7aa4-4e11-90ba-38e4467efd7b (accessed 4 April 2025).

Robert Martinson, What works? Questions and answers about prison reform, The Public Interest, 35 (1974), 22–54.

Roy D King, Security, control and the problems of containment, in Yvonne Jewkes (ed), Handbook on Prisons, London: Routledge, 2007, 329–355.

Vinter and others v United Kingdom [GC], (Applications nos. 66069/09, 130/10 and 3896/10), 9 July 2013, para 114.

Vinter and others v United Kingdom.

The 1779 Penitentiary Act (19 Geo. 3. c. 749).

Marc Ancel, Suspended Sentence, London: Heinemann, 1971, 13–14; Dirk van Zyl Smit, Sonja Snacken and David Hayes, ‘One cannot legislate kindness’: Ambiguities in European legal instruments on non-custodial sanctions, Punishment and Society 17 (2015), 3–26.

Snacken, Human dignity and prisoners' rights in Europe.

Gaëtan Cliquennois, Sonja Snacken and Dirk van Zyl Smit, Can European human rights instruments limit the power of the national state to punish? A tale of two Europes, European Journal of Criminology 18 (1) (2021), 11 -32.

Labita v Italy [GC] (Application no. 26772/95), 6 April 2000, para 119.

S.P. and others v Russia (Applications nos. 36463/11 and 10 others), 3 May 2003.

S.P. and others v Russia, para 78.

S.P. and others v Russia, para 79.

Downloads

Published

08/14/2025

Issue

Section

Commentary and analysis

How to Cite

Van Zyl Smit, D. . (2025). Human rights, the rule of law and democracy at the heart of European prisons and probation. South African Crime Quarterly, 74. https://doi.org/10.17159/sacq.n74.22407