Lip height estimation in a southern African sample
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2020/v75no8a1Keywords:
facial anthropology, craniofacial identification, craniofacial approximation, craniofacial reconstruction, craniofacial superimposition, mouth morphologyAbstract
INTRODUCTION: The South African Police Service frequently relies on craniofacial approximation and superimposition to assist in identifying unknown deceased individuals. Standards to estimate lip height are however limited. Findings from this study share medical applications. Aims and objectives: Establish reliable standards for estimating lip height using dentoskeletal measurements. METHODS: Cone-beam CTs comprising 124 black and 39 white southern African adults were assessed. A series of dimensions were recorded using a DICOM viewer with an inbuilt measuring tool. Relationships between hard tissue structures (maxillary, mandibular and total central incisor heights, their corresponding root lengths, face height (N-Gn), and nose height (N-Sn)) and respective overlaying soft tissues (upper, lower and total lip heights) were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Statistically significant differences were observed between population, sex and age groups. A selection of regression equations to estimate lip height was calculated that included population, sex and approximate age (20-39 and 40+ years) for improved goodness-of-fit (r2-value). Regression models using face height produced the strongest multiple correlation (r-value) and goodness-of-fit (r2-value). Validation testing indicated that regression models often improved upon mean measurements, while offering a degree of individuality that mean values do not.
Downloads
References
Steyn M, L'Abbé EN, Myburgh J. Forensic Anthropology as practiced in South Africa. In: Blau S, Ubelaker DH, editors. Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology. 2nd edition. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. 2016; 151-65.
Gatliff BP. Facial sculpture on the skull for identification. Am J Forensic Med and Path. 1984; 5(4): 327-32.
Helmer R, Rohricht S, Petersen D, Mohr F. Assessment of the reliability of facial reconstruction. In: Íscan MY, Helmer RP, editors. Forensic analysis of the skull. New York: Wiley Liss Publications, 1993: 229- 34.
Wilkinson C, Motwani M, Chiang E. The relationship between the soft tissues and the skeletal detail of the mouth. J Forensic Sci. 2003; 48(4): 728-32.
Aulsebrook W, Íscan MY, Slabbert J, Becker PJ. Superimposition and reconstruction in forensic facial identification: A survey. Forensic Sci Int. 1995; 75: 101-20.
Stephan CN. Craniofacial identification: Techniques of facial approximation and craniofacial superimposition. In: Blau S, Ubelaker DH, editors. Handbook of forensic anthropology and archaeology. California: Left Coast Press, 2009: 304-21.
Huete MI, Ibánez O, Wilkinson C, Kahana T. Past, present, and future of craniofacial superimposition: Literature and international surveys. Legal Medicine 2015; 17(4): 267-78.
Sforza C, Grandi G, Binelli M, Dolci C, De Menezes M, Ferrario VF. Age- and sex- related changes in three-dimensional lip morphology. Forensic Sci Int. 2010; 200: 182e1-e7.
Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Sozzi D, Caru A. Three-dimensional lip morphometry in adults operated on for cleft lip and palate. Plastic Reconstruct Surg 2003; 111: 2149-56.
Sawyer AR, See M, Nduka C. 3D stereophotogramme-try quantitative lip analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2009; 33: 497-504.
Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Miani A Jr, Tartaglia G. Craniofacial morphometry by photographic evaluations. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1993; 103: 327- 37.
Farkas LG, Hreczko TA, Katic MJ. Craniofacial norms in North American Caucasians from birth to young adulthood. In: Farkas LG, editor. Anthropometry of the head and face. 2 nd edition. New York: Raven Press, 1994: 241-335.
Hajnis K, Farkas LG, Ngim RCK, Lee ST, Venkatadri G. Racial and ethnic morphometric differences in the cranio-facial complex. In: Farkas LG, editor. Anthropometry of the head and face. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press, 1994: 201-21.
Nanda RS, Ghosh J. Facial soft tissue harmony and growth in orthodontic treatment. Semin Orthod. 1995; 1: 67- 81.
Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Serrao G. A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults. Cleft Palate Craniofacial J. 2000; 37(1): 48-54.
Gerasimov M. The face finder. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1971.
Schmidlin E, Steyn M, Houlton TMR, Briers N. Facial ageing in South African adult males. Forensic Sci Int. 2018; 289: 277-86.
Angel JL. Restoration of head and face for identification. In: Proceedings of the 30th annual meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. St. Louis, Missouri. 1978.
Gatliff BP, Snow CC. From skull to visage. J Biocommun. 1979; 6: 27-30.
Taylor KT. Forensic art and illustration. New York: CRC Press, 2001.
George RM. The lateral craniographic method of facial reconstruction. J Forensic Sci. 1987; 32: 1305-30.
Mala PZ, Veleminska J. Vertical lip position and thickness in facial reconstruction: A validation of commonly used methods for predicting the position and size of lips. J Forensic Sci. 2016; 61(4): 1046-54.
Dahlberg G. Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1940.
Perini TA, de Oliveira GL, Ornellas JS, de Oliveira FP. Technical error of measurement in anthropometry. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2005; 11: 86-90.
Langley NR, Jantz LM, McNulty S, Maijanen H, Ousley SD, Jantz RL. Data for validation of osteometric methods in forensic anthropology. Data in Brief. 2018; 19: 21- 8.
Kamburoglu K, Kolsuz E, Kurt H, Kilig C, Özen T, Paksoy CS. Accuracy of CBCT measurements of a human skull. J Digit Imaging 2011; 24(5): 787-93.
García-Sanz V, Bellot-Arcís C, Hernandez V, Serrano-Sánchez P, Guarinos J, Paredes-Gallardo V. Accuracy and reliability of cone-beam computed tomography for linear and volumetric mandibular condyle measurements. A human cadaver study. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1): 11993.
Klepinger L, Giles E. Clarification or confusion: statistical interpretation in forensic anthropology. In: Reichs KJ (Ed.). Forensic Osteology: Advances in the Identification of Human Remains. Charles C Thomas, Springfield. 1998; 427-40.
Milner GR, Boldsen JL. Transition analysis: a validation study with known-age modern American skeletons. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2012; 148: 98-110.
Wilkinson C. Forensic facial reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Kaur M, Garg RK, Singla S. Analysis of facial soft tissue changes with aging and their effects on facial morphology: A forensic perspective. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2015; 5: 46-56.
Sperber GH. Dental Wear: Attrition, Erosion, and Abrasion - A Palaeo-Odontological Approach. Dent J (Basel). 2017; 5(2): 19.
Aguilar PE, Aguilar AP, Rolleri MF, Ubios AM. Root resorption in elderly patients, Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2001; 14(1-2): 3-8.
Consolaro A, Furquim LZ. Extreme root resorption associated with induced tooth movement: A protocol for clinical management. Dental Press J Orthod. 2014; 19(5): 19-26.
Li Y, Jacox LA, Little SH, Ko CC. Orthodontic tooth movement: The biology and clinical implications. KJMS. 2018; 34(4): 207-14.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Tobias MR Houlton, Nicolene Jooste, André Uys, Maryna Steyn
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
.png){kind=spacer}