Oral health in children and adolescents with special healthcare needs in South Africa: A narrative review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/sadj.v79i02.17137Keywords:
adverse, developmental, uncooperativeAbstract
Children and adolescents with special healthcare needs (CWSHCN) may experience disproportionately poorer general and oral health than healthy children.1-3 They are more at risk of common conditions such as dental caries and gingivitis resulting from poor oral health.4 They comprise of children and youth “with or at risk of chronic physical, developmental, behavioral or emotional conditions”,5 including, inter alia, intellectual disability (ID), cerebral palsy (CP), learning disability (LD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), hearing impairment (HI), Down Syndrome (DS), physical disabilities (PD), visual impairments (VI) and epilepsy (EP). Globally, the prevalence of disabilities is increasing, even in developing countries such as South Africa (SA), resulting in a greater burden on healthcare systems.6
Downloads
References
Ningrum V, Bakar A, Shieh T, Shih Y. The Oral Health Inequities between Special Needs Children and Normal Children in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040410
Zhou N, Wong H, Wen Y, McGrath C. Oral health status of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59(10):1019-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13486
Hennequin M, Moysan V, Jourdan D, Dorin M, Nicolas E. Inequalities in oral health for children with disabilities: a French national survey in special schools. PLoS One. 2008;3(6):e2564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002564
Wilson N, Lin Z, Villarosa A, George A. Oral health status and reported oral health problems in people with intellectual disability: A literature review. J Intellect Dev Dis. 2019;44(3):292-304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2017.1409596
McPherson M, Arango P, Fox H, Lauver C, McManus M, Newacheck P, et al. A new definition of children with special health care needs. Pediatrics. 1998;102(1):137-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.1.137
Epping-Jordan J, Pruitt S, Bengoa R, Wagner E. Improving the quality of health care for chronic conditions. BMJ Qual Saf. 2004;13(4):299-305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.13.4.299
WHO. World Report on Disability Geneva: WHO; 2011 [cited 2021 23/03]. Available from: https://www.who.int/disabilities/ world_report/2011/report.pdf.
Statistics SA. Census 2011 Pretoria: Statistics SA; 2011 [cited 2020 24/11]. Available from: [Available from: www.statsa.gov.za.].
Lam PP, Du R, Peng S, McGrath CP, Yiu CK. Oral health status of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of case-control studies and meta-analysis. Autism. 2020;24(5):1047-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319877337
Kotha S, AlFaraj NSM, Ramdan TH, Alsalam MA, Al Ameer MJ, Almuzin Z. Associations between diet, dietary and oral hygiene habits with caries occurrence and severity in children with autism at Dammam City, Saudi Arabia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2018;6(6):1104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.245
Dharmani CKK. Management of children with special health care needs (SHCN) in the dental office. J Med Soc 2018;32(1):1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jms.jms_115_16
Lin X, Wu W, Zhang C, Lo EC, Chu CH, Dissanayaka WL. Prevalence and distribution of developmental enamel defects in children with cerebral palsy in Beijing, China. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2011;21(1):23-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263X.2010.01075.x
Fisher K. Is there anything to smile about? A review of oral care for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Nurs Res and Pract. 2012;2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/860692
Sheiham A. Dental caries affects body weight, growth and quality of life in pre-school children. Br Dent J. 2006;201(10):625-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4814259
Foster H, Fitzgerald J. Dental disease in children with chronic illness. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(7):703-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2004.058065
Rashewsky S, Parameswaran A, Sloane C, Ferguson F, Epstein R. Time and cost : pediatric dental rehabilitation with general anesthesia in the office and the hospital settings. Anesth Prog. 2012;59(4):147-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2344/0003-3006-59.4.147
Peres M, Macpherson L, Weyant R, Daly B, Venturelli R, Mathur M, et al. Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. The Lancet. 2019;394(10194):249-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31146-8
Bastani P, Mohammadpour M, Ghanbarzadegan A, Rossi-Fedele G, Peres M. Provision of dental services for vulnerable groups: a scoping review on children with special health care needs. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07293-4
Charlotte WL. Dental Care and Children with Special Health Care Needs: A Population-Based Perspective. Acad Pediatr. 2009;9(6):420-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2009.09.005
Ataguba J, Akazili J, McIntyre D. Socioeconomic-related health inequality in South Africa: evidence from General Household Surveys. Int J Equity Health. 2011;10:1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-10-48
Ataguba JE-O, Day C, McIntyre D. Explaining the role of the social determinants of health on health inequality in South Africa. Global Health Action. 2015;8(1):28865. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v8.28865
Page M, McKenzie J, Bossuyt P, Boutron I, Hoffmann T, Mulrow C, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International journal of surgery. 2021;88:105906. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906
Van Wyk P, Louw A, Du Plessis J. Caries status and treatment needs in South Africa: report of the 1999-2002 National Children’s Oral Health Survey. SADJ. 2004;59(6):240-2.
Bethel AC, Rogers M, Abbott R. Use of a search summary table to improve systematic review search methods, results, and efficiency. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA. 2021;109(1):97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2021.809
Nemutandani M, Adedoja D, Nevhuhlwi D. Dental caries among disabled individuals attending special schools in Vhembe district, South Africa. SADJ. 2013;68(10):458-61.
Nqcobo C, Kolisa YM, Ralephenya T, Esan T, Yengopal V. Caregivers’ perceptions of the oral-health-related quality of life of children with special needs in Johannesburg, South Africa. Health SA 2019;24(1):1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v24i0.1056
Gumede S, Singh S, Radebe M. Prevalence of dental caries among learners with disabilities attending special education schools in the eThekwini District, KwaZulu Natal. SADJ. 2023;Vol. 78:292-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17159/sadj.v78i06.16933
Naidoo M, Singh S. The Oral health status of children with autism Spectrum disorder in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-018-0632-1
Yengopal V, Nqcobo C, Thekiso M, Rudolph M, Joosab Z. Dental caries prevalence in children attending special needs schools in Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa. SADJ. 2012;67(7):308–13.
Roberts T, Chetty M, Kimmie-Dhansay F, Stephen L, Fieggen K. Dental needs of intellectually disabled children attending six special educational facilities in Cape Town: The new millennium. S Afr Med J. 2016;106(sup-1):94-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2016.v106i6.11006
SA S. Stats SA profiles persons with disabilties Statistics South Africa RSA; [cited 2023 17/07]. Available from: http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=3180.
van Wyk P, van Wyk C. Oral health in South Africa. Int Dent J. 2004;54(S6):373–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595X.2004.tb00014.x
WHO. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF): WHO; [cited 2023 01/09]. Available from: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health.
Loeb M, Mont D, Cappa C, De Palma E, Madans J, Crialesi R. The development and testing of a module on child functioning for identifying children with disabilities on surveys. I: Background. Disabil Health J. 2018;11(4):495-501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2018.06.005
Mkabile S, Garrun K, Shelton M, Swartz L. African families’ and caregivers’ experiences of raising a child with intellectual disability: A narrative synthesis of qualitative studies. Afr J Disabil 2021;10:1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v10i0.827
Makkar A, Indushekar K, Saraf B, Sardana D, Sheoran N. A cross sectional study to evaluate the oral health status of children with intellectual disabilities in the National Capital Region of India (Delhi-NCR). J Intellect Disabil Res. 2019;63(1):31-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12553
Kassebaum N, Bernabé E, Dahiya M, Bhandari B, Murray C, Marcenes W. Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression. J Dent Res. 2015;94(5):650-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515573272
Cardoso A, Gomes LN, Silva CD, de SC Soares R, De Abreu MHN, Padilha WW, et al. Dental caries and periodontal disease in Brazilian children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(1):335-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100335
Mehta A, Gupta R, Mansoob S, Mansoori S. Assessment of oral health status of children with special needs in Delhi, India. RSBO Revista Sul-Brasileira de Odontologia. 2015;12(3):239-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v12i3.759
Oredugba FA. Use of oral health care services and oral findings in children with special needs in Lagos, Nigeria. Spec Care Dentist. 2006;26(2):59-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-4505.2006.tb01511.x
Uwayezu D, Gatarayiha A, Nzayirambaho M. Prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors in children living with disabilities in Rwanda: a cross sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;36(1).
Silva E, Góes P, Vasconcelos M, Jamelli S, Eickmann S, Melo M, et al. Oral health care for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: perceptions of parents and caregivers. Cien Saude Colet. 2020;25:3773-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.27972018
Krishnan L, Iyer K, Kumar P. Barriers in dental care delivery for children with special needs in Chennai, India: A mixed method research. Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development. 2019;29:68-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5463/dcid.v29i4.739
Elamin A, Garemo M, Mulder A. Determinants of dental caries in children in the Middle East and North Africa region: a systematic review based on literature published from 2000 to 2019. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):1-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01482-7
Department of Health. National Health Insurance in SA. Policy Paper Pretoria: DoH; [cited 2020 26/11]. Available from: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/nationalhealthinsurance.pdf.
de Castilho LS, Abre MHNG, de Souz DH, e Silva MES, Resende VLS. Factors associated with gingivitis in children with developmental disabilities. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr. 2016;16(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4034/PBOCI.2016.161.46
Dörfer C, Benz C, Aida J, Campard G. The relationship of oral health with general health and NCDs: a brief review. Int Dent J. 2017;67:14-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12360
Ackerman A, Wiltshire W. The occlusal status of disabled children. The Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa= Die Tydskrif van die Tandheelkundige Vereniging van Suid-afrika. 1994;49(9):447-51.
Vellappally S, Gardens S, Al Kheraif A, Krishna M, Babu S, Hashem M, et al. The prevalence of malocclusion and its association with dental caries among 12-18-year-old disabled adolescents. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14(1):1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-14-123
Glendor U. Aetiology and risk factors related to traumatic dental injuries–a review of the literature. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25(1):19-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00694.x
Miamoto CB, Ramos-Jorge ML, Pereira LJ, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA, Marques LS. Severity of malocclusion in patients with cerebral palsy: determinant factors. Am J Orthod Dentofac. 2010;138(4):394. e1-. e5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.03.025
Barbosa T, Gavião M. Oral health-related quality of life in children: part II. Effects of clinical oral health status. A systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2008;6(2):100-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00293.x
Mathur VP, Dhillon JK. Dental caries: a disease which needs attention. Indian J Pediatr. 2018;85:202-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-017-2381-6
Lotan M, Icht M. Diagnosing Pain in Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Current State and Novel Technological Solutions. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(3):401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030401
Faker K, Tostes M, Paula V. Impact of untreated dental caries on oral health-related quality of life of children with special health care needs. Braz Oral Res. 2019;32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0117
Kumar S, Kroon J, Lalloo R. A systematic review of the impact of parental socio economic status and home environment characteristics on children’s oral health related quality of life. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12(1):41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-12-41
Organization WH. Health in 2015: from MDGs, millennium development goals to SDGs, sustainable development goals. 2015. Report No.: 924156511X.
Mukhari-Baloyi N, Bhayat A, Madiba T, Nkambule N. A review of the South African national oral health policy. SADJ. 2021;76(9):551-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2021/v76no9a6
Ramphoma K, Rampersad N, Singh N, Mukhari-Baloyi N, Naidoo S. The proposed need for integrated maternal and child oral health policy: A case of South Africa. Front Oral Health. 2022;3:1023268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2022.1023268
Dube A. The role and effectiveness of disability legislation in South Africa. 2005.
Omotoso K, Koch S. Assessing changes in social determinants of health inequalities in South Africa: A decomposition analysis. Int J Equity Health. 2018;17(1):1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0885-y
Emmett T. Disability, poverty, gender and race. Disability and social change: A South African agenda. 2006;17(4):207-33.
Saloojee G, Phohole M, Saloojee H, IJsselmuiden C. Unmet health, welfare and educational needs of disabled children in an impoverished South African peri urban township. Child Care Health Dev. 2007;33(3):230-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00645.x
Mkabile S, Swartz L. ‘I waited for it until forever’: Community barriers to accessing intellectual disability services for children and their families in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(22):8504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228504
Adugna M, Nabbouh F, Shehata S, Ghahari S. Barriers and facilitators to healthcare access for children with disabilities in low and middle income sub-Saharan African countries: a scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20:1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4822-6
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
.png){kind=spacer}