An epidemiological analysis of patients diagnosed with periodontitis at a tertiary institution
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2022/v77no9a4Keywords:
Epidemiology periodontitis, Adult periodontitis, Periodontal attachment loss, Prevalence periodontitis, Risk factors periodontitis, Smoking periodontitis, Diabetes periodontitis, Sex periodontitis, Systemic disease periodontitis, Hypertension periodontitisAbstract
An analysis of the epidemiological factors associated with the diagnosis of periodontitis is important baseline evidence for the study of this disease within our population. This evidence will be valuable baselineinformation to inform intervention protocols that are
contextual to our society. There is a scarcity of studieson periodontitis in South Africans. To describe the epidemiological and clinical
characteristics of periodontitis patients diagnosedbetween 2014-2019 at a tertiary institution in SA. A retrospective records-based study wasconducted. Data from 450 patients diagnosed with periodontitis were extracted. Data sets including age, sex, smoking,
presence of diabetes, and other systemic diseaseswere analysed. Periodontal parameters such as plaquescore, plaque index, gingival bleeding score, gingivalindex, number of missing teeth, probing depths, andclinical attachment loss were included for analysis.
Males had higher bleeding index (p=0.035), deeperpockets (p=0.003), and more attachment loss(p<0.001), compared to females. Deeper periodontalpockets were observed in patients with systemicdiseases (p=0.018). Smokers had a lower bleeding
percentage (p=0.039). There was a higher plaque percentage (p=0.031), and bleeding index (p=0.043),deeper pockets (p<0.001) and more attachment loss(p<0.001) in patients with diabetes mellitus. Worse periodontal status was observed in males,and patients with diabetes or other general diseases.Additional research is required to elucidate the role ofsex and systemic conditions as predisposing factors to periodontitis
Downloads
References
Sanz, M, D'Aiuto F, Deanfield J, Fernandez Avilés, F. European workshop in periodontal health and cardiovascular disease—scientific evidence on the association between periodontal andcardiovascular diseases: a review of the literature. Eur Heart J. 2010:12: B3-B12. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suq003
Tonetti MS, Van Dyke TE. Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAPWorkshop
on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases. J Periodontol. 2013;84:S24–S29. Doi: 10.1902/jop.2013.1340019.
Preshaw PM, Alba AL, Herrera D, et al. Periodontitis and diabetes: A two-way relationship. Diabetologia. 2012:21–31. Doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2342-y.
Genco RJ, Sanz M. Clinical and public health implications of periodontal and systemic diseases: An overview. Periodontol 2000. 2020:7–13. Doi: 10.1111/prd.12344.
Xiong X, Buekens P, Fraser WD, et al. Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review. BJOG An Int J Obstet
Gynaecol. 2006:135–143. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00827.x.
Fitzpatrick SG, Katz J. The association between periodontal disease and cancer: A review of the literature. J Dent. 2010:83–95. Doi: 10.1016/j.
jdent.2009.10.007.
Winning L, Patterson CC, Cullen KM, et al. Chronic periodontitis and reduced respiratory function. J Clin Periodontol. 2019;46:266–275. Doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13076.
Torumtay G, Kırzıoğlu FY, Öztürk Tonguç M, et al. Effects of periodontal treatment on inflammation and oxidative stress markers in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Periodontal Res. 2016;51:489–498. Doi: 10.1111/jre.12328.
Detert J, Pischon N, Burmester GR, et al. The association between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010:1–7.
Doi: 10.1186/ar3106.
Sharma P, Fenton A, Dias IHK, et al. Oxidative stress links periodontal inflammation and renal function. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;48. Doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13414.
Ferreira MC, Dias-Pereira AC, Branco-de-Almeida LS, et al. Impact of periodontal disease on quality of life: a systematic review. J Periodontal Res. 2017:651–665. Doi: 10.1111/jre.12436.
Genco RJ, Borgnakke WS. Risk factors for periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2013;62:59–94. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00457.x.
Van Dyke TE, Sheilesh D. Risk factors for periodontitis. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2005:3–7. Doi: 10.9790/0661-16188892.
Loe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB. Experimental Gingivitis In Man. J Periodontol. 1965;36:177–187. Doi: 10.1902/jop.1965.36.3.177.
Valkenburg C, Van der Weijden FA, Slot DE. Plaque control and reduction of gingivitis: The evidence for dentifrices. Periodontol 2000. 2019:221–232. Doi: 10.1111/prd.12257.
Slot DE, Valkenburg C, Van der Weijden GA. Mechanical plaque removal of periodontal maintenance patients: A systematic review
and network meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2020:107–124. Doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13275.
Page RC, Kornman KS. The pathogenesis of human periodontitis: an introduction. Periodontol 2000. 1997;14:9–11. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00189.x.
Nibali L, Griffiths GS, Donos N, et al. Association between interleukin-6 promoter haplotypes and aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35:193–198. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01188.x.
Naorungroj S, Slade GD, Divaris K, et al. Racial differences in periodontal disease and 10-year self-reported tooth loss among late middle-aged and older adults: the dental ARIC study. J Public Health Dent. 2017;77:372–382. Doi: 10.1111/jphd.12226.
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Marucha PT, Mercado AM, et al. Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress. Lancet. 1995;346:1194–1196. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92899-5.
Sabbah W, Gomaa N, Gireesh A. Stress, allostatic load, and periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2018:154–161. Doi: 10.1111/prd.12238.
Klinge B, Norlund A. A socio-economic perspective on periodontal diseases: A systematic review. J. Clin. Periodontol., vol. 32: J Clin Periodontol; 2005: 314–325.
Sanz M, Marco del Castillo A, Jepsen S, et al. Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: Consensus report. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47:268–
Doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13189.
Kim S, Jung A. Optimum cutoff value of urinary cotinine distinguishing South Korean adult smokers from nonsmokers using data from the KNHANES (2008-2010). Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15:1608–1616. Doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntt027.
Chikte U, Pontes CC, Karangwa I, et al. Periodontal disease status among adults from South AfricaPrevalence and effect of smoking. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph16193662.
Government of South Africa DOH. National Oral Health Survey South Africa 1988/89. Pretoria: Government Printer; 1994.
Mthethwa JM, Mahomed OH, Yengopal V. RESEARCH < 557Epidemiological profile of patients utilizing dental public health services in the eThekwini and uMgungundlovu districts of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. South African Dent J. 2020;75:541–547. Doi: 10.17159/2519-0105/2020/v75no10a2.
Khammissa R, Feller L, Altini M, et al. A comparison of chronic periodontitis in HIV-seropositive subjects and the general population in the Ga-Rankuwa Area, South Africa. AIDS Res Treat. 2012;2012. Doi: 10.1155/2012/620962.
Shiau HJ, Reynolds MA. Sex differences in destructive periodontal disease: a systematic review. J Periodontol. 2010;81:1379–1389. Doi:
1902/jop.2010.100044.
Ioannidou E. The sex and gender intersection in chronic periodontitis. Front Public Heal. 2017;5:189. Doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00189.
Rebelo M, Queiroz A. Gingival Indices: State of Art. Gingival Dis. - Their Aetiol. Prev. Treat.: 2011: 41–54.
Löe H. The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index Systems. J Periodontol. 1967;38:610–616. Doi: 10.1902/
jop.1967.38.6.610.
Fischman SL. Current status of indices of plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1986;13:371–374. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01475.x.
Trombelli L, Farina R, Silva CO, et al. Plaqueinduced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations. J Periodontol. 2018:S46–S73. Doi: 10.1002/JPER.17-0576.
Eke PI, Wei L, Thornton-Evans GO, et al. Risk Indicators for Periodontitis in US Adults: NHANES 2009 to 2012. J Periodontol. 2016;87:1174–1185. Doi: 10.1902/jop.2016.160013.
Nascimento GG, Leite FRM, Vestergaard P, et al. Does diabetes increase the risk of periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of longitudinal prospective studies. Acta Diabetol. 2018:653–667. Doi: 10.1007/s00592-018-1120-4.
Wu CZ, Yuan YH, Liu HH, et al. Epidemiologic relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20. Doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-01180-w.
Radebe N. Diabetes mellitus and oral health: a comparison between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. University of the Western Cape, 2009.
Matu N, Stephen L, Lalloo R. Prevalence and Severity of Periodontal Disease: Type 2 Diabetics versus Non-diabetics. South African Dent J.
;64:64–68.
Chapple ILC, Mealey BL, Van Dyke TE, et al. Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced
periodontium: Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classificationof Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol. 2018;89:S74–S84. Doi: 10.1002/JPER.17-0719.
Winning L, Linden G. Periodontitis and systemic disease. BDJ Team 2 . 2015:15163. Doi: 10.1038/bdjteam.2015.163.
Winning L, Linden GJ. Periodontitis and Systemic Disease: Association or Causality? Curr Oral Heal Reports. 2017:1–7. Doi: 10.1007/s40496-017-0121-7.
Falcao A, Bullón P. A review of the influence of periodontal treatment in systemic diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2019;79:117–128. Doi:
1111/prd.12249.
Nociti FH, Casati MZ, Duarte PM. Current perspective of the impact of smoking on the progression and treatment of periodontitis.
Periodontol 2000. 2015;67:187–210. Doi: 10.1111/prd.12063.
Ravidà A, Troiano G, Qazi M, et al. Dose‐dependent effect of smoking and smoking cessation on periodontitis‐related tooth loss during 10 ‐
years periodontal maintenance—A retrospective study in compliant cohort. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47:1132–1143. Doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13336.
Kimmie-Dhansay F, Chikte U, Pontes C, et al. Tooth loss in relation to serum cotinine levels – a cross-sectional study from the Belville South area in South Africa. SADJ. 2021;[accepted].
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
.png){kind=spacer}