Root and canal morphology of the mandibular first molar: A micro-computed tomography-focused observation of literature with illustrative cases. Part 1: External root morphology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17159/sadj.v78i09.16861Keywords:
Micro-CT, number of roots, radix entomolaris, radix paramolarisAbstract
The mandibular first molar often requires endodontic intervention, which can be challenging and complex with several variants in the number of canals and roots. Usually, these teeth have a single mesial and distal root, but variants and anomalies have been noted. The incidence of the number of roots can differ between populations. For instance, up to a third of East Asians present with a third root, while the global prevalence is 8.9%. One- and four-rooted first molar teeth are seldom encountered. Over the years different methods have been used to study root and canal morphology, but micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) has provided a non-invasive method to study root and canal morphology in high definition. This paperis the first of two giving an overview of available literature on various aspects of the external and internal root andcanal morphology of the mandibular first permanent molar. The aim is to provide an overview of relevant aspects of the external root morphology of the mandibular first molar in different populations. The content is supported by illustrative micro-CT images and a report on clinical cases where anomalies have been treated.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Wu MK, Wesselink PR, Walton, RE. Apical terminus location of root canal treatment procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000; 89: 99-103. DOI: 10.1016/S1079- 2104(00)80023-2
Vertucci FJ. Root canal morphology and its relationship to endodontic procedures. Endod Topics. 2005; 10: 3-29. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2005.00129.x
Versiani MA, Ordinola-Zapata R. Root canal anatomy: Implications in biofilm disinfection. In: The root canal biofilm, 1st ed. Heidelberg: Springer, 2015: 155-87
Versiani MA, De-Deus G, Vera J, et al. Mapping of the irrigated areas of the root canal space using micro-computed tomography. Clin Oral Invest. 2015; 19: 859-66. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1311-5
Gutmann JL, Fan B. Tooth morphology, isolation, and access. Cohen’s pathways of the pulp, 11th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2016: 130-208
Versiani MA, Ordinola-Zapata R, Keles A, et al. Middle mesial canals in mandibular first molars: A Micro-CT study in different populations. Arch Oral Biol. 2016; 61: 130-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.10.020
Versiani MA, Sousa-Neto MD, Basrani B. The root canal dentition in permanent dentition, 1st ed. Heidelberg: Springer, 2018: 89-240
Tredoux S, Warren N, Buchanan GD. Root and canal configurations of mandibular first molars in a South African subpopulation. J Oral Sci. 2021; 63: 252-56
Rwenyonyi CM, Kutesa A, Muwazi LM, Buwembo W. Root and canal morphology of mandibular
first and second permanent molar teeth in a Ugandan population. Odontology. 2009; 97: 92-6
Al-Qudah AA, Awawdeh LA. Root and canal morphology of mandibular first and second molar teeth in a Jordanian population. Int Endod J. 2009; 42: 775-84. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01578.x
Chen G, Yao H, Tong C. Investigation of the root canal configuration of mandibular first molars in a Taiwan Chinese population. Int Endod J. 2009; 42: 1044-49. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01619.x
Wang Y, Zheng Q, Zhou X, et al. Evaluation of the root and canal morphology of mandibular first
permanent molars in a Western Chinese population by cone-beam computed tomography. J
Endod. 2010; 36: 1786-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.08.016
Chourasia HR, Meshram GK, Warhadpande M, Dakshindas D. Root canal morphology of
mandibular first permanent molars in an Indian population. Int J Dent. 2012; 2012: 1-6
Calberson FL, De Moor RJ, Deroose CA. The radix entomolaris and paramolaris: Clinical approach in endodontics. J Endod, 2007; 33: 58-63
Bolk L. Bemerkungen über wurzelvariationen am menschlichen unteren molaren. Z Morphol
Anthropol, 1915; 17: 605-10
Nielsen RB, Alyassin AM, Peters DD, Carnes DL, Lancaster J. Microcomputed tomography: An advanced system for detailed endodontic research. J Endod. 1995; 21: 561-68
Grande NM, Plotino G, Gambarini G, et al. Present and future in the use of Micro-CT scanner 3D analysis for the study of dental and root canal morphology. Ann 1st Super Sanita. 2012; 48: 26-34
Briseño-Marroquín B, Paqué F, Maier K, Willershausen B, Wolf TG. Root canal morphology and configuration of 179 maxillary first molars by means of micro-computed tomography: An ex vivo study. J Endod. 2015; 41: 2008-13
Ahmed HMA, Ibrahim N, Mohamad NS, et al. Application of a new system for classifying root and canal anatomy in studies involving micro-computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography: Explanation and elaboration. Int Endod J. 2021; 54: 1056-82
Meyer F, Beucher S. Morphological segmentation. J Vis Commun Image Represent, 1990; 1: 21-46
Westenberger P. Avizo – Three-dimensional visualization framework. In: Proceedings of the
Geoinformatics 2008 – Data to Knowledge, USGS, 2008, 13-4
Tomaszewska IM, Jarzebska A, Skinningsrud B, Pekala PA, Wronski S, Iwanaga J. An original
Micro-CT study and meta-analysis of the internal and external anatomy of maxillary molars –
implications for endodontic treatment: Morphology of maxillary molars. Clin Anat. 2018; 31:
-53. DOI: 10.1002/ca.23201
Muriithi NJ, Maina SW, Okoth J, Gathece LW. Internal root morphology in mandibular first
permanent molars in a Kenyan population. East Afr Med J. 2012; 89: 166-71
Madjapa HS, Minja IK. Root canal morphology of native Tanzanian permanent mandibular
molar teeth. Pan Afr Med J. 2018; 31: 1-6. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.31.24.14416
Sharaan M, Elrawdy A. An evaluation of mandibular molars root canal morphology using conebeam computed tomography in an Egyptian subpopulation. Tanta Dent J. 2017; 14: 220-4. DOI: 10.4103/tdj.tdj_50_17
Gu Y, Lu Q, Wang H, Ding Y, Wang P, Ni L. Root canal morphology of permanent three-rooted
mandibular first molars – Part I: Pulp floor and root canal system. J Endod. 2010; 36: 990-4,
DOI :10.1016/j.joen.2010.02.030
Rodrigues CT, Oliveira-Santos C, Bernardineli N, et al. Prevalence and morphometric analysis
of three-rooted mandibular first molars in a Brazilian subpopulation. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016; 24:
-42. DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720150511
Torres A, Jacobs R, Lambrechts P, et al. Characterization of mandibular molar root and canal
morphology using cone beam computed tomography and its variability in Belgian and Chilean
population samples. Imaging Sci Dent. 2015; 45: 95-101
Gulabivala K, Aung TH, Alavi A, Ng Y. Root and canal morphology of Burmese mandibular
molars. Int Endod J. 2001; 34: 359-70. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.2001.00399.x
Silva EJNL, Nejaim Y, Silva AV, Haiter-Neto F, Cohenca N. Evaluation of root canal configuration
of mandibular molars in a Brazilian population by using cone-beam computed tomography: An
in vivo study. J Endod. 2013; 39: 849-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.030
De Oliveira Mantovani V, Gabriel AE, De Silva RG, Savioli RN, Sousa-Neto MD, Cruz-Filho AM.
Analysis of the mandibular molar root canal morphology. Study by computed tomography. Braz
Dent J. 2022; 33: 1-8
Abarca J, Duran M, Parra D, Steinfort K, Zaror C, Monardes H. Root morphology of mandibular
molars: A cone-beam computed tomography study. Folia Morphol. 2020; 79: 327-32
Zhang X, Xiong S, Ma Y, et al. A cone-beam computed tomographic study on mandibular first
molars in a Chinese subpopulation. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10, e0134919. DOI: 10.1371/journal.
pone.0134919
Martins JNR, Gu Y, Marques D, Francisco H, Caramês J. Differences on the root and root canal
morphologies between Asian and White ethnic groups analyzed by cone-beam computed
tomography. J Endod, 2018; 44: 1096-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.04.001
Monsarrat P, Arcaute B, Peters OA, et al. Interrelationships in the variability of root canal
anatomy among the permanent teeth: A full-mouth approach by cone-beam CT. PLoS ONE.
; 11: e0165329. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165329
Kantilieraki E, Delantoni A, Angelopoulos C, Beltes P. Evaluation of root and root canal
morphology of mandibular first and second molars in a Greek population: A CBCT study. Eur
Endod J. 2019; 4: 62-8
Felsypremila G, Vinothkumar TS, Kandaswamy D. Anatomic Symmetry of root and root
canal morphology of posterior teeth in an Indian subpopulation using cone-beam computed
tomography: A retrospective study. Eur J Dent. 2015; 09: 500-7. DOI: 10.4103/1305-
172623
Shahi S, Yavari HR, Rahimi S, Torkamani R. Root canal morphology of human mandibular first
permanent molars in an Iranian population. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2008; 2: 20-
DOI: 10.5681/joddd.2008.004
Akhlaghi NM, Khalilak Z, Vatanpour M, et al. Root canal anatomy and morphology of mandibular
first molars in a selected Iranian population: An in vitro study. Iran Endod J. 2017; 12: 87-91
Madani ZS, Mehraban N, Moudi E, Bijani A. Root and canal morphology of mandibular molars
in a selected Iranian population using cone-beam computed tomography. Iran Endod J. 2017;
: 143-8
Plotino G, Tocci L, Grande NM, et al. Symmetry of root and root canal morphology of maxillary
and mandibular molars in a White population: A cone-beam computed tomography study in
vivo. J Endod. 2013; 39: 1545-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.09.012
RESEARCH > www.sada.co.za / SADJ Vol. 78 No.9
https://doi.org/10.17159/sadj.v78i09.16861The SADJ is licensed under Creative Commons Licence CC-BY-NC-4.0.
Peiris R. Root and canal morphology of human permanent teeth in a Sri Lankan and Japanese
population. Anthropol Sci. 2008; 116: 123-33. DOI: 10.1537/ase.070723
Kim SY, Kim BS, Woo J, Kim Y. Morphology of mandibular first molars analyzed by cone-beam
computed tomography in a Korean population: Variations in the number of roots and canals.
J Endod. 2013; 39: 1516-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.08.015
Park JB, Kim N, Park S, Kim Y, Ko Y. Evaluation of root anatomy of permanent mandibular
premolars and molars in a Korean population with cone-beam computed tomography. Eur J
Dent. 2013; 7: 94-101
Deng PU, Halim MS, Sam’an Malik Masudi SA, Shehadat BA. Cone-beam computed
tomography analysis on root and canal morphology of mandibular first permanent molars
among a multiracial East Coast Malaysian population. Eur J Dent. 2018; 12: 410-6
Mukhaimer R, Azizi Z. Incidence of radix entomolaris in mandibular first molars in a Palestinian
population: A clinical investigation. Int Sch Res Notices. 2014; 2014: 1-5
Martins JN, Mata A, Marques D, Caramês J. Prevalence of root fusions and main root canal
merging in human upper and lower molars: A cone-beam computed tomography in vivo
study. J Endod. 2016; 42: 900-8
Martins JNR, Marques D, Mata A, Caramês J. Root and root canal morphology of the
permanent dentition in a Caucasian population: A cone-beam computed tomography study.
Int Endod J. 2017; 50: 1013-26. DOI: 10.1111/iej.12724
Mashyakhy M, Chourasia HR, Halboub E, Almashraqi AA, Khubrani Y, Gambarini G.
Anatomical variations and bilateral symmetry of roots and root canal system of mandibular first
permanent molars in a Saudi Arabian population utilizing cone-beam computed tomography.
Saudi Dent J. 2019; 31: 481-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.04.001
Pérez-Heredia M, Ferrer-Luque CM, Bravo M, Castelo-Baz P, Ruíz-Piñón M, Baca P. Conebeam computed tomographic study of root anatomy and canal configuration of molars in a
Spanish population. J Endod. 2017; 43: 1511-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.03.026
Peiris R, Takahashi M, Sasaki K, Kanazawa E. Root and canal morphology of permanent
mandibular molars in a Sri Lankan population. Odontology. 2007; 95: 16-23. DOI: 10.1007/
s10266-007-0074-8
Peiris R, Malwatte U, Abayakoon J, Wettasinghe A. Variations in the root form and root canal
morphology of permanent mandibular first molars in a Sri Lankan population. Anat Res Int.
; 2015: 1-7. DOI: 10.1155/2015/803671
Huang RY, Cheng WC, Chen CJ, et al. Three-dimensional analysis of the root morphology
of mandibular first molars with distolingual roots. Int Endod J. 2010; 43: 478-84. DOI:
1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01702.x
Gulabivala K, Opasanon A, Ng YL, Alavi A. Root and canal morphology of Thai mandibular
molars. Int Endod J. 2002; 35: 56-62. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00452.x
Miloglu O, Arslan H, Barutcigil C, Cantekin K. Evaluating root and canal configuration of
mandibular first molars with cone beam computed tomography in a Turkish population. J
Dent Sci. 2013; 8: 80-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2012.09.002
Nur BG, Ok E, Altunsoy M, Aglarci OS, Colak M, Gungor, E. Evaluation of the root and canal
morphology of mandibular permanent molars in a south-eastern Turkish population using
cone-beam computed tomography. Eur J Dent. 2014; 08: 154-9. DOI: 10.4103/1305-
130584
Demirbuga S, Sekerci A, Dincer A, Cayabatmaz M, Zorba Y. Use of cone-beam computed
tomography to evaluate root and canal morphology of mandibular first and second molars in
Turkish individuals. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013; 18: e737-e744
Al Shehadat S, Waheb S, Al Bayatti SW, Kheder W, Khalaf K, Murray CA. Cone-beam
computed tomography analysis of root and root canal morphology of first permanent lower
molars in a Middle East subpopulation. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2019; 9: 458-63
Pham K, Le AL. Evaluation of roots and canal systems of mandibular first molars in a
Vietnamese subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography. J Int Soc Prev
Community Dent. 2019; 9: 356-62. DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_52_19
Senan EM, Madfa AA, Alhadainy HA. Root and canal configuration of mandibular first molars
in a Yemeni population: A cone-beam computed tomography. Eur Endod J. 2020; 5: 10-7
Garg AK, Tewari RK, Kumar A, Hashmi SH, Agrawal N, Mishra SK. Prevalence of three-rooted
mandibular permanent first molars among the Indian population. J Endod. 2010; 36: 1302-6.
DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.04.019
Chandra SS, Chandra S, Shankar P, Indira R. Prevalence of radix entomolaris in mandibular
permanent first molars: A study in a South Indian population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol
Oral Radiol Endod. 2011; 112: e77-e82. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.02.016
Abella F, Patel S, Durán-Sindreu F, Mercadé M, Roig M. Mandibular First molars with distolingual roots: Review and clinical management: Mandibular first molars with disto-lingual roots.
In Endod J. 2012; 45: 963-78. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02075.x
Martins JN, Nole C, Ounsi HF, et al. Worldwide assessment of the mandibular first molar
second distal root and root canal: A cross-sectional study with meta-analysis. J Endod. 2022;
: 223-33
Aung NM, Myint KK. Three-rooted permanent mandibular first molars: A meta-analysis of
prevalence. Int J Dent. 2022; 2022: 1-30
Gladwin L, Patel JA. Rare finding of a radix entomolaris and radix paramolaris in a lower first
mandibular molar requiring endodontic treatment: A case report. Dent Update. 2022; 49: 515-
Sperber GH, Moreau JL. Study of the number of roots and canals in Senegalese first
permanent mandibular molars. Int Endod J. 1998; 31: 117-22
Younes SA, Al-Shammery AR, El-Angbawi MF. Three-rooted permanent mandibular first
molars of Asian and Black groups in the Middle East. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;
: 102-5. DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(90)90276-X
Song JS, Choi HJ, Jung IY, Jung HS, Kim SO. The prevalence and morphologic classification
of distolingual roots in the mandibular molars in a Korean population. J Endod. 2010; 36: 653-
DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.10.007
Shaw JCM. The teeth, the bony palate and the mandible in Bantu races of South Africa, 1st
ed. London: Bale, Sons & Danielsson, 1931: 32-8
Ferraz JAB, Pecora JD. Three-rooted mandibular molars in patients of Mongolian, Caucasian
and Negro origin. Braz Dent J. 1992; 3: 113-7
Da Costa Rocha LF, Manoel DSN, Sandra RF, Wanderly FD, Pécora JD. External and internal
anatomy of mandibular molars. Braz Dent J. 1996; 7: 33-40
Corzon MEJ. Miscegenation and the prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars in
the Baffin Eskimo. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1974; 2: 130-1. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-
1974.tb01669.x-i1
Curzon ME, Curzon JA. Three-rooted mandibular molars in the Keewatin Eskimo. J Can Dent
Assoc (Tor). 1971; 37: 71-2
Somogyi-Csizmazia W, Simons AJ. Three-rooted mandibular first permanent molars in Alberta
Indian children. J Can Dent Assoc (Tor). 1971; 37: 105-6
Zhang R, Yang H, Yu X, Wang H, Hu T, Dummer PMH. Use of CBCT to identify the morphology
of maxillary permanent molar teeth in a Chinese subpopulation. Int Endod J. 2011; 44: 162-9.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01826.x
Yang Y, Zhang LD, Ge J, Zhu Y. Prevalence of 3-rooted first permanent molars among a
Shanghai Chinese population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 110:
e98-e101. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.05.068
Curzon MEJ. Three-rooted mandibular permanent molars in English Caucasians. J Dent Res.
; 52: 181. DOI: 10.1177/00220345730520011901
Beshkenadze E, Chipashvili N. Anatomo-morphological features of the root canal system in
Georgian population – cone-beam computed tomography study. Georgian Med News. 2015;
: 7-14
Schäfer E, Breuer D, Janzen S. The prevalence of three-rooted mandibular permanent first
molars in a German population. J Endod. 2009; 35: 202-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.11.010
Hochstetter RL. Incidence of trifurcated mandibular first permanent molars in the population
of Guam. J Dent Res. 1975; 54: 1097. DOI: 10.1177/00220345750540052401
Bansal R, Ajwani P. Prevalence and morphological study of three-rooted mandibular first molar
[radix molar] in an Indian population. Int J Hum Anat. 2010; 2: 1-8
Kuzekanani M, Najafipour R. Prevalence and distribution of radix paramolaris in the mandibular
first and second molars of an Iranian population. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2018; 8:
-4
Rahimi S, Mokhtari H, Ranjkesh B, et al. Prevalence of extra roots in permanent mandibular
first molars in an Iranian population: A CBCT analysis. Iran Endod J. 2017; 12: 70-3
Shemesh A, Levin A, Katzenell V, et al. Prevalence of 3- and 4-rooted first and second
mandibular molars in the Israeli population. J Endod. 2015; 41: 338-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.
joen.2014.11.006
Onda S, Minemura R, Masaki T, Funatsu S. Shape and number of the roots of the permanent
molar teeth. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 1989; 30: 221-31
Walker RT. Three-rooted lower first permanent molars in Hong Kong Chinese. Br Dent J.
; 159: 298-9
Walker RT. Root form and canal anatomy of mandibular first molars in a Southern Chinese
population. Dent Traumatol. 1988; 4: 19-22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.1988.tb00287.x
Song JS, Kim SO, Choi BJ, Choi HJ, Son HK, Lee JH. Incidence and relationship of an
additional root in the mandibular first permanent molar and primary molars. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009; 107: e56-e60. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.09.004
Zaatar EI, Al-Kandari AM, Alhomaidah S, Yasin IMA. Frequency of endodontic treatment in
Kuwait: Radiographic evaluation of 846 endodontically treated teeth. J Endod. 1997; 23: 453-
DOI: 10.1016/S0099-2399(97)80302-0
Pattanshetti N, Gaidhane M, Kandari AMA. Root and canal morphology of the mesiobuccal
and distal roots of permanent first molars in a Kuwait population – a clinical study. Int Endod
J. 2008; 41: 755-62. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01427.x
Pan JYY, Parolia A, Chuah SR, Bhatia S, Mutalik S, Pau A. Root canal morphology of
permanent teeth in a Malaysian subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography.
BMC Oral Health. 2019; 19: 1-15. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0710-z
Al-Nazhan S. Incidence of four canals in root-canal-treated mandibular first molars in a
Saudi Arabian sub-population: Root canal morphology. Int Endod J. 1999; 32: 49-52. DOI:
1046/j.1365-2591.1999.00188.x
Loh HS. Incidence and features of three-rooted permanent mandibular molars. Aust Dent J.
; 35: 434-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.1990.tb05426.x
Drennan MR. The dentition of the Bushmen tribe. Ann S Afr Museum. 1929; 24: 61-87
Martins JN, Nole C, Ounsi HF, et al. Worldwide assessment of the mandibular first molar
second distal root and root canal: A cross-sectional study with meta-analysis. J Endod. 2022;
: 223-33
Peiris HRD, Pitakotuwage TN, Takahashi M, Sasaki K, Kanazawa E. Root canal morphology
of mandibular permanent molars at different ages. Int Endod J. 2008; 41: 828-35. DOI:
1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01428.x
Ahmed HA, Abu-bakr NH, Yahia N, Ibrahim YE. Root and canal morphology of permanent
mandibular molars in a Sudanese population. Int Endod J. 2007; 40: 766-71. DOI:
1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01283.x
Tu MG, Tsai CC, Jou MJ, et al. Prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars among
Taiwanese individuals. J Endod. 2007; 33: 1163-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.07.020
Huang RY, Lin CD, Lee MS, et al. Mandibular disto-lingual root: A consideration in periodontal
therapy. J Periodontol. 2007; 78: 1485-90. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060419
Yew S, Chan KA. Retrospective Study of endodontically treated mandibular first molars in a
Chinese population. J Endod. 1993; 19: 471-3. DOI: 10.1016/S0099-2399(06)80536-4
Tu MG, Huang HL, Hsue SS, et al. Detection of permanent three-rooted mandibular first
molars by cone-beam computed tomography imaging in Taiwanese individuals. J Endod.
; 35: 503-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.12.013
Chen YC, Lee YY, Pai SF, Yang SF. The morphologic characteristics of the distolingual roots of
mandibular first molars in a Taiwanese population. J Endod. 2009; 35: 643-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.
joen.2009.01.020
Reichart PA, Metah D. Three-rooted permanent mandibular first molars in the Thai. Community
Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1981; 9: 191-2. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1981.tb01053.x
Steelman R. Incidence of an accessory distal root on mandibular first permanent molars in
Hispanic children. ASDC J Dent Child. 1986; 53: 122-3
Skidmore AE, Bjorndal AM. Root canal morphology of the human mandibular first molar. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1971; 32: 778-84. DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(71)90304-5
Taylor AE. Variations in the human tooth-form as met with in isolated teeth. J Hum Anat
Physio. 1899; 33: 268-72
Kuzekanani M, Najafipour R. Prevalence and distribution of radix paramolaris in the mandibular
first and second molars of an Iranian population. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2018; 8:
-4
Buchanan GD, Gamieldien MY, Tredoux S, Vally ZI. Root and canal configurations of maxillary
premolars in a South African subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography and two
classification systems. J Oral Sci. 2020; 62: 93-7. DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0160
Cleghorn BM, Christie WH, Dong CCS. Root and root canal morphology of the human
permanent maxillary first molar: A literature review. J Endod. 2006; 32: 813-21
Cantatore G, Berutti E, Castellucci A. Missed anatomy: Frequency and clinical impact. Endod
Topics. 2006; 15: 3-31
Castellucci A. Access cavity and endodontic anatomy. Endodont. 2004; 1: 245-329
Chavda SM, Garg SA. Advanced methods for identification of middle mesial canal in
mandibular molars: An in vitro study. Endodontology. 2016; 28: 92-6
Ahmed HMA. A critical analysis of laboratory and clinical research methods to study root and
canal anatomy. Int Endod J. 2022; 55: 229-80
Ordinola-Zapata R, Martins JN, Plascencia H, Versiani MA, Bramante CM. The MB3 canal in
maxillary molars: A Micro-CT study. Clin Oral Investig. 2020; 24: 4109-121
Ahmed HMA, Versiani MA, De-Deus G, Dummer PMH. A new system for classifying root and
root canal morphology. Int Endod J. 2017; 50: 761-70
Carabelli G. Systematisches handbuch der zahnheilkunde, 2nd ed. Georg OLMS: Verlag,
ISBN 3-487-41399-X
De Moor RJG, Deroose CAJG, Calberson FLG. The radix entomolaris in mandibular first
molars: An endodontic challenge. Int Endod J. 2004; 37: 789-99. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-
2004.00870.x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
.png){kind=spacer}